Gas Well Deliquification: Solutions to Gas Well Liquid Loading Problems

front cover......Page 1
copyright......Page 5
table of contents......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 14
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 15
1.2 MULTIPHASE FLOWIN A GASWELL......Page 16
1.3 WHAT IS LIQUID LOADING?......Page 18
1.4 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY LIQUID LOADING......Page 19
1.5 DELIQUEFYING TECHNIQUES......Page 20
1.6 SOURCE OF LIQUIDS IN A PRODUCING GASWELL......Page 22
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 26
2.3 DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS......Page 27
2.4 DROP IN TUBING PRESSURE WITH RISE IN CASING PRESSURE......Page 28
2.5 PRESSURE SURVEY SHOWING TUBING LIQUID LEVEL......Page 31
2.7 ANNULUS HEADING......Page 34
2.9 SUMMARY......Page 38
3.2 CRITICAL FLOWCONCEPTS......Page 40
3.3 CRITICALVELOCITYAT DEPTH......Page 51
3.3 CRITICALVELOCITY IN HORIZONTALWELL FLOW......Page 53
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 56
4.2 TUBING PERFORMANCE CURVE......Page 58
4.3 RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP k IPRp......Page 59
4.4 INTERSECTIONS OF THE TUBING CURVE AND THE DELIVERABILITY CURVE......Page 62
4.5 TUBINGSTABILITYAND FLOWPOINT......Page 65
4.6 TIGHT GAS RESERVOIRS......Page 66
4.7 NODAL EXAMPLE TUBINGSIZE......Page 67
4.8 NODAL EXAMPLE SURFACE PRESSURE EFFECTS: USE COMPRESSION TO LOWER SURFACE PRESSURE......Page 68
4.9 SUMMARY NODAL EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPING IPR FROMTEST DATAWITHT UBING PERFORMANCE......Page 69
4.10 SUMMARY......Page 73
5.2  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMALLER TUBING......Page 74
5.3 CONCEPTS REQUIRED TO SIZE SMALLER TUBING......Page 75
5.4 SIZING TUBINGWITHOUT IPR INFORMATION......Page 80
5.6 FIELD EXAMPLE NO.1  RESULTS OF TUBING CHANGEOUT......Page 82
5.6  PRE- AND POST- EVALUATION......Page 84
5.7 WHERE TO SET THE TUBING......Page 85
5.8 HANGING OFF SMALLER TUBING FROMTHE CURRENT TUBING......Page 87
5.9 SUMMARY......Page 89
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 91
6.2 NODAL EXAMPLE......Page 92
6.3 COMPRESSION WITH ATIGHT GAS RESERVOIR......Page 93
6.4 COMPRESSION WITH PLUNGER LIFT SYSTEMS......Page 94
6.5 COMPRESSION WITH BEAMPUMPINGSYSTEMS......Page 96
6.7 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS......Page 97
6.8 GAS JET COMPRESSORS OR EDUCTORS......Page 102
6.9 SUMMARY......Page 104
7.1 INTRODCTION......Page 106
7.2 PLUNGERS......Page 108
7.3 PLUNGER CYCLE......Page 110
7.4 PLUNGER LIFT FEASIBILITY......Page 111
7.5 PLUNGER SYSTEM LINE-OUT PROCEDURE......Page 119
7.6 PROBLEM ANALYSIS......Page 127
7.7 NEW PLUNGER CONCEPT......Page 147
7.8 OPERATION WITH WEAK WELLS......Page 149
7.9 PLUNGER SUMMARY......Page 155
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 157
8.2 LIQUID REMOVAL PROCESS......Page 158
8.3 FOAM SELECTION......Page 160
8.4 FOAM BASICS......Page 163
8.5 OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 173
8.6 SUMMARY......Page 184
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 186
9.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES......Page 191
9.3 THE 1/4 - INCH JET PUMP......Page 194
9.5 HYDRAULIC PUMP CASE HISTORIES......Page 197
9.6 SUMMARY......Page 198
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 200
10.2 BASICS OF BEAM PUMP OPERATION......Page 202
10.3 PUMP-OFF CONTROL......Page 204
10.4 GAS SEPARATION TO KEEP GAS OUT OF THE PUMP......Page 208
10.5 HANDLING GAS THROUGH THE PUMP......Page 212
10.6 INJECT LIQUIDS BELOWA PACKER......Page 216
10.7 OTHER PROBLEMS INDICATED BY THE SHAPE OF THE PUMP CARD......Page 218
10.8 SUMMARY......Page 222
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 224
11.3 INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT......Page 226
11.4 GAS LIFT SYSTEMCOMPONENTS......Page 227
11.5 CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT DESIGN OBJECTIVES......Page 229
11.6 GAS LIFT VALVES......Page 230
11.7 GAS LIFT COMPLETIONS......Page 233
11.8 GAS LIFT WITHOUT GAS LIFT VALVES......Page 244
11.9 SUMMARY......Page 245
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 247
12.2 ESP SYSTEM......Page 248
12.3 WHAT IS A ‘‘ GASSY’’ WELL?......Page 251
12.4 COMPLETIONS AND SEPARATORS......Page 253
12.6 SUMMARY......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 258
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 259
13.2 PCP SYSTEMSELECTION......Page 261
13.3 SELECTION AND OPERATIONAL FACTORS......Page 265
13.4 ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT......Page 271
13.5 TROUBLESHOOTING PCP SYSTEMSQ......Page 274
13.6 SUMMARY......Page 276
14.2 THERMAL METHODS FORWATER OF CONDENSATION......Page 278
14.3 CYCLING......Page 285
14.4 TUBING/ANNULUS SWITCHING CONTROL......Page 286
14.5 TUBING FLOWCONTROL......Page 287
14.6 TUBING COLLAR INSERTS FOR PRODUCING BELOW CRITICALVELOCITY......Page 288
14.7 SUMMARY......Page 289
A. 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 290
A. 2 EQUATION SIMPLIFICATION......Page 293
A.4 COLEMAN EQUATIONS......Page 294
B. 2 MINIMUMCASING PRESSURE......Page 296
B.4 SUMMARY......Page 298
C.3 GAS APPARENTMOLECULARWEIGHTAND SPECIFIC GRAVITY......Page 300
C.4 GAS LAW......Page 302
C.5 Z FACTOR......Page 303
C.6 GAS FORMATIONVOLUME FACTOR......Page 305
C.7 PRESSURE INCREASE INSTATIC COLUMNOF GAS......Page 306
C.8 CALCULATE THE PRESSURE DROP IN FLOWING DRY GASWELL: CULLENDER AND SMITHMETHODX......Page 307
C.9 PRESSURE DROP IN A GASWELL PRODUCING LIQUIDS......Page 309
C.10 GASWELL DELIVERABILITY EXPRESSIONS......Page 310
INDEX......Page 316