In Athena's Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Alvin And Heidi Toffler......Page 13
Intangible Assets......Page 14
Blurry Boundaries......Page 16
Deep Coalition......Page 19
A Theory Of Conflict......Page 20
Trisection......Page 24
John Arquilla And David Ronfeldt......Page 26
Rethinking The Dynamics Of Conflict: Cyberwar And Netwar......Page 29
New Metaphors: Athena And......Page 33
Introduction To The Selections......Page 37
A Glimpse Of Things To Come......Page 42
References......Page 44
Notes......Page 45
Emergent Modes Of Conflict......Page 48
The Advance Of Technology And Know-how......Page 49
Effects Of The Information Revolution......Page 50
Both Netwar And Cyberwar Are Likely......Page 52
Information-related Factors In Military History......Page 57
An Early Example Of Cyberwar: The Mongols......Page 59
People’s War, And Beyond......Page 62
An Implication: Institutions Versus Networks......Page 65
Growing Awareness Of The Information Revolution......Page 66
Indications And Aspects Of Cyberwar......Page 68
Suggested Next Steps For Research......Page 73
Bibliography......Page 79
Notes......Page 82
Stephen J. Blank......Page 86
The Revolution In Military Affairs......Page 87
Technology And Organization: Lessons From Soviet Russia......Page 90
Political-strategic Implications......Page 91
A Policy-strategy Mismatch......Page 92
Lessons For Consideration......Page 93
Budgets And The Rma......Page 94
Technology And Social Organization......Page 95
The Utility Of Technological Superiority......Page 96
Lessons For The U.s.......Page 97
Organizational Transformation......Page 99
Notes......Page 100
Norman C. Davis, Usmc......Page 104
Characteristics Of Rmas......Page 105
Previous Revolutions......Page 106
The Information Revolution......Page 108
Roots Of This Rma......Page 109
Elements Of This Revolution......Page 110
The Changing Security Environment......Page 111
A Look At The Future......Page 113
Enabling Technologies......Page 115
Impact On Organizations......Page 117
Conclusion......Page 119
Notes......Page 120
Introduction......Page 124
Choices For The Decision Maker......Page 126
Issues Of Strategic Purpose......Page 129
The Evolving Conflict Map......Page 132
Changes In The Conduct Of Warfare......Page 136
Implications For The Rma......Page 140
Understanding Military Technical Revolutions......Page 141
Types Of Rmas......Page 142
The Process Of Revolution......Page 144
The Roots Of This Rma......Page 148
Some Current Views Of This Rma......Page 149
Towards An Output-based Definition......Page 150
Implications For Utility......Page 152
Implications Of This Rma......Page 154
Conclusions......Page 156
Notes......Page 160
John Arquilla And David Ronfeldt......Page 166
Three Views Of “information”......Page 169
Information As Message......Page 170
Information As Medium......Page 171
Information And Physical Matter......Page 173
Parallel Views Of Power......Page 174
Power As Organization......Page 175
Power As Immaterial......Page 177
A Summing Up......Page 178
Implications For Military Doctrine And Strategy......Page 179
A Force-reformer As Well As Force-multiplier......Page 180
New Definitions Of Weapons And Targets......Page 182
Rising Importance Of Social And Human Capital......Page 184
New Assessment Methodologies Needed......Page 185
And......Page 186
Notes......Page 189
Part Ii: Information Warfare......Page 9
Warfare In The Information Age Bruce D. Berkowitz......Page 199
Origins Of The Threat......Page 201
The Changing Face Of War......Page 204
Dealing With Infowar......Page 206
The Changing Face Of Deterrence......Page 207
Planning For Iw “civil Defense......Page 209
Ensuring Democratic Control Of Iw Policy......Page 211
Prescriptions For Preparedness......Page 212
Martin C. Libicki......Page 216
Pop-up Warfare......Page 217
The Mesh......Page 220
Challenges......Page 221
Force Sizing......Page 222
Fire-ant Warfare......Page 223
Architectures......Page 226
Tips Of The Spear......Page 227
Logistics, Command And Control......Page 228
Vulnerabilities......Page 230
Tanks......Page 231
Planes......Page 232
Space......Page 233
Human Control......Page 235
The Pace Of Conflict......Page 237
Civilian As Military......Page 240
Conclusions......Page 241
John Rothrock......Page 242
Versus......Page 244
Some Challenging Questions......Page 245
A Suggested Prism Through Which To Consider Information Warfare......Page 246
The “information Warfare Arrow”......Page 247
Information Warfare Employment And Doctrine......Page 249
The Protective Sphere......Page 250
The Competitive-use-of-information Sphere......Page 251
Conclusion......Page 253
Notes......Page 254
Potential Hostile Actions......Page 256
Consequence Categories......Page 257
Past Incidents......Page 258
Potential Future Incidents......Page 259
Infrastructure Fragility......Page 260
Actors Responsible For Incidents......Page 261
Mechanisms: Past And Future......Page 262
Increasing Transnationalism......Page 263
Acceptance Lacking......Page 264
Isolation Disappearing As Option......Page 265
Roles And Missions Blurred......Page 266
Medieval World......Page 267
Biological Immune System......Page 268
Security Strategy......Page 269
Protective Techniques And Procedures......Page 270
Motivating Users......Page 271
Open Questions, Key Issues......Page 272
Increasingly Complex World, Expanding Security Concerns......Page 273
References......Page 274
Notes......Page 276
Introduction......Page 278
The Scenario And Methodology Used For This Exercise......Page 279
The Conduct Of The Exercise......Page 280
Step 1. Observations And Findings......Page 282
Step 2. Observations And Findings......Page 287
R&d Investment Suggestions......Page 288
References......Page 295
Notes......Page 296
Conceptual Outlines......Page 300
The Rise Of Network Forms Of Organization......Page 311
Challenges For U.s. Policy And Organization......Page 314
References......Page 316
Notes......Page 318
Brian Nichiporuk And Carl H. Builder......Page 320
A Weakening Of Hierarchies......Page 322
Facilitating Transnational Enterprises......Page 326
Eroding National Sovereignty......Page 328
Transformation Of Commercial Organizations......Page 331
Notes......Page 338
Phil Williams......Page 340
The Changing International Environment......Page 341
The Rise Of Transnational Criminal Organisations......Page 345
The Threat To Security......Page 353
Conclusion......Page 359
Notes......Page 360
Responding To Terrorism Across The Technological Spectrum Bruce Hoffman......Page 364
Foreword......Page 366
Biographical Sketch Of The Author......Page 367
Trends In Terrorist Tactics.......Page 368
The Resurgence Of Religious Terrorism......Page 370
The "amateurization" Of Terrorism......Page 372
Improved "professionalism" Of Terrorists.......Page 374
Conclusion.......Page 378
Notes:......Page 380
An Insurgency Becomes A Netwar......Page 394
The Advent Of Netwar—analytical Background......Page 396
Emergence, Evolution, And Effects Of The Zapatista Netwar......Page 399
The Future Of Netwar—and Counternetwar—in Mexico......Page 407
Implications Beyond Mexico......Page 411
Bibliography......Page 412
Notes......Page 415
Richard Szafranski......Page 420
What We Think We Know......Page 421
What May Follow From What We Think We Know......Page 428
The Acme Of Skill: Reinventing Warfare And Weapons......Page 430
Notes......Page 437
Implications For Grand Strategy......Page 442
The Cold War As An Information-based Conflict......Page 446
Openness Reconsidered......Page 449
Conclusion: In Favor Of Guarded Openness......Page 457
Notes......Page 459
John Arquilla And David Ronfeldt......Page 464
Toward A More Structural View Of Information......Page 466
Information Processing And Structural Information Views......Page 467
Infrastructure And Superstructure Are Both Important......Page 473
Building Bridges To Organization, Doctrine, And Strategy— And More......Page 478
Adaptation To Networked Forms Of Organization......Page 480
Networked Adversaries On The Rise......Page 482
Endurance Of Hierarchies, Advent Of Networks......Page 483
Hybrids Of Hierarchies And Networks......Page 486
Toward A Doctrine Based On Swarming......Page 490
Information And The Evolution Of Organization And Doctrine......Page 491
History Of Swarming As A Mode Of Conflict......Page 493
Getting “battleswarm” Right......Page 496
A Battleswarm Scenario......Page 498
Toward A Strategy Of Guarded Openness......Page 502
Basic Dynamics And Dimensions Of Information Strategy......Page 503
An Illustrative Case: Opening A Closed Society......Page 508
Broader Concerns About Opening Up Closed Societies......Page 511
Needed: An “rda” To Match The Rma......Page 513
References......Page 518
Notes......Page 523
Contributors......Page 527