The internationalisation of antitrust policy

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 12
European Commission......Page 14
World Bank......Page 15
World Trade Organization (WTO)......Page 16
EC Cases......Page 17
US Cases......Page 19
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 22
General......Page 27
Similarities and differences......Page 28
The scope of the book......Page 30
The nature of the book......Page 32
The examples of internationalisation......Page 35
System of antitrust......Page 36
The internationalisation of antitrust policy......Page 37
Globalisation and its implications for antitrust policy......Page 38
The structure of the book......Page 41
The meaning of competition......Page 43
The function of competition......Page 45
The (im)possibility of perfect competition......Page 48
Competition and contextual economics......Page 51
Competition, economists and policy consideration......Page 52
The means and end debate......Page 53
Austria......Page 54
Germany......Page 56
UK......Page 58
USA......Page 59
Comment......Page 60
The purpose of market definition......Page 61
The increasing significance of market definition......Page 62
Relevant product market definition......Page 63
Relevant geographic market definition......Page 65
Merket definition in practice......Page 66
Market definition and the internationalisation of antitrust law......Page 68
Conclusion......Page 70
The concept of antitrust law......Page 72
Framework of antitrust law......Page 74
The goals of antitrust law......Page 75
Antitrust law: legislative intent and the dynamics of the law......Page 77
Identifying the goals of antitrust law......Page 78
Some comments on the classification of goals......Page 80
Antitrust law is interdisciplinary in nature......Page 83
The heart of the matter......Page 84
Who makes decisions?......Page 85
Public intervention......Page 86
Competition advocacy......Page 89
Competition advocacy and enforcement of antitrust law......Page 90
Establishing public awareness of Antitrust policy......Page 92
Conclusion......Page 94
4 The use of discretion......Page 96
Explaining discretion......Page 97
Identifying instances of discretion......Page 98
Adoption of binding decisions......Page 99
Informal and interim settlements......Page 100
Differences in procedure......Page 101
The possible ways......Page 102
Structuring discretion......Page 103
Checking discretion......Page 105
Political factors and policy considerations versus legal rules......Page 109
Further issues......Page 110
Conclusion......Page 111
The special characteristics of EC antitrust law......Page 112
The EC antitrust chapter......Page 114
The nature of EC antitrust law......Page 115
The Commission......Page 117
The Court of Justice......Page 119
Domestic courts......Page 120
The first twenty-five years: characterising the relationship......Page 121
The second twenty-five years: the centralisation and decentralisation debate......Page 123
Decentralisation......Page 124
Recent developments......Page 135
A framework of co-operation......Page 138
Recent developments......Page 141
Introduction......Page 142
Parallel systems......Page 143
The institutions......Page 144
The antitrust provisions of the EEA Agreement......Page 145
Bilateral agreements within Europe......Page 146
Some background......Page 147
The role of antitrust law in the agreements......Page 148
Matters requiring specific attention......Page 149
The place of secondary legislation......Page 151
Approximation of laws......Page 152
Recent developments......Page 155
Towards a wider framework of antitrust policy......Page 156
The value of EC antitrust law......Page 158
The relationship between EC and domestic antitrust laws......Page 160
EC antitrust law on the international plane......Page 162
The Commission as supranational institution......Page 163
Conclusion......Page 164
6 Sovereignty......Page 165
Rethinking sovereignty......Page 166
Types of sovereignty......Page 167
The roles of sovereignty......Page 168
Some comments......Page 169
Who enjoys sovereignty under public international law?......Page 170
Acquisition and relinquishment of sovereignty......Page 171
Sovereignty is relative not absolute......Page 172
Vertical relationship......Page 173
Substance of sovereignty......Page 174
The first dimension: sovereignty from a national perspective......Page 175
The second dimension: sovereignty from an international perspective......Page 176
The existence of an international system of antitrust......Page 177
Transfer of competence......Page 178
The existence of other players......Page 180
The emergence of business power on the international scene......Page 181
Conclusion......Page 184
Traditional principles......Page 185
The ‘effects’ doctrine......Page 187
A comment......Page 189
Definition......Page 190
Extraterritoriality and the internationalisation of antitrust policy......Page 191
After Alcoa......Page 193
Guidelines of enforcement authorities......Page 195
Hartford Fire......Page 197
A comment......Page 198
After Wood Pulp......Page 202
A comment......Page 208
Responses to extraterritoriality......Page 213
Blocking through legislation......Page 214
Blocking through case law......Page 215
A comment......Page 216
Extraterritoriality as an act of aggression......Page 217
The role of law courts......Page 218
A comment......Page 221
Dealing with extraterritoriality and its conflicts......Page 222
Avoiding extraterritoriality......Page 223
Taking account of the ability of foreign antitrust authorities to deal with anti-competitive acts on their territory......Page 224
Extraterritoriality in most exceptional circumstances......Page 225
Abandoning treble damages......Page 227
Developing a common approach......Page 229
Conclusion......Page 230
Overview......Page 232
Vertical agreements......Page 235
Exemptions from antitrust law......Page 236
Mixed or hybrid restraints......Page 237
Lack of enforcement by antitrust authorities......Page 238
Some remarks......Page 239
The perspectives of antitrust and trade policies......Page 241
Relying on extraterritoriality......Page 242
Bilateral co-operation between antitrust authorities......Page 243
A comment......Page 248
Rules within the WTO......Page 250
Domestic trade laws......Page 251
Market access principle......Page 253
Using domestic antitrust laws......Page 254
Restraints covered......Page 256
The use of Neofunctionalism......Page 257
Work within the WTO......Page 260
Work within the OECD......Page 261
Work within the American Bar Association......Page 262
Using trade policy instead of antitrust policy......Page 263
Using antitrust policy instead of trade policy......Page 264
Consistencies and inconsistencies between the policies......Page 267
Market access principle......Page 268
Antitrust policy at the WTO......Page 270
Conclusion......Page 272
Some important past developments......Page 273
Institutional framework......Page 276
The World Trade Organization (WTO)......Page 277
General......Page 278
Committees......Page 279
UNCTAD Restrictive Business Practices Set......Page 280
The International Competition Network (ICN)......Page 281
Multi-jurisdictional merger control......Page 282
From present to the future......Page 283
The USA......Page 284
The EC......Page 285
South Africa......Page 286
Korea......Page 287
Business firms......Page 288
Some analysis......Page 289
The WTO......Page 290
The OECD......Page 291
Overview......Page 292
Realism......Page 293
Neorationalism......Page 294
Perspective of firms......Page 295
Ensuring uniformity......Page 296
The use of confldential information......Page 297
Consumer perspective......Page 298
The US model......Page 299
The Japanese model......Page 301
A comment......Page 302
The EC–US conflict......Page 303
Convergenc and harmonisation......Page 306
Removing hindrances to market access......Page 307
Defining ‘competition’......Page 308
Substantive issues......Page 309
Reflections and summary......Page 310
10 Conclusions: the way forward......Page 313
Books......Page 321
Articles......Page 326
INDEX......Page 341
LIST OF WEBSITES......Page 347