Water: Global Common and Global Problems

WATER: Global Common and Global Problems......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Foreword......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 12
Introduction......Page 16
SCIENCE......Page 18
GOVERNANCE, INSTITUTIONS, LAWS AND POLICIES......Page 23
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 28
INTRODUCTION......Page 32
GLOBAL VERSUS LOCAL WATER SECURITY......Page 33
1. MANAGING LIQUID ASSETS: ISSUES OF WATER AVAILABILITY......Page 37
2. WHO TURNS THE TAPS?: ISSUES IN WATER ACCESS......Page 40
3. NOT ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS IN WELLS: HOUSEHOLD WATER USE......Page 44
4. SURPLUSES AND DEFICIENCIES: WATER-RELATED RISKS......Page 47
CONCLUSIONS......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
SECTION 1 Freshwater—Groundwater, Surface Water......Page 54
INTRODUCTION......Page 56
SOURCES OF FRESHWATER, ITS UTILIZATION AND CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN INTERFERENCE......Page 57
HARVESTING OF FRESHWATER AND IS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON RIVER DOWN STREAMS......Page 58
SOCIAL IMPACT OF DAMMING ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES......Page 59
THE CITY OF MELBOURNE, ITS CURRENT WATER SITUATION AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER AUSTRALIAN STATES......Page 62
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN AUSTRALIA......Page 63
WATER: A GLOBAL SCARCE RESOURCE......Page 65
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 68
WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA......Page 70
THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977......Page 89
STATUTES AND NOTIFICATIONS REFERRED TO IN THE CHAPTER......Page 96
INTRODUCTION......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 125
INTRODUCTION......Page 128
CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSIS (CCA)......Page 129
CCA APPLIED TO POLLUTION IN PARAÍBA DO SUL RIVER BASIN......Page 131
CONCLUSIONS......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 148
7. Water Regulation through Two Transitions: The Case of Hungary......Page 150
Past pratices......Page 151
Water Management on the Danube......Page 152
The Tisza River......Page 154
Further Concerns......Page 155
Hungarian Political Responses......Page 156
Evolution of International Agreements......Page 158
Challenges Ahead......Page 159
CONCLUSION......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 164
2. GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT......Page 165
3. GENERAL METHODS OF LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT......Page 166
4. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN MELBOURNE......Page 167
5. LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN MELBOURNE AND DETAILED DISCUSSION OF SOME PLANTS......Page 170
6. A GENERAL LAYOUT/DESCRIPTION OF THE TREATMENT SYSTEM......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 182
INTRODUCTION......Page 184
TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 186
NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTANTS OF WATER SUPPLIES DUE TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: PESTICIDES AND NITRATES......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 197
INTRODUCTION......Page 204
ALTERNATIVE BASES OF CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS......Page 205
TRENDS IN HISTORICAL PRECIPITATION IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO......Page 206
CONCLUSIONS......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
INTRODUCTION......Page 216
PREDICTED CLIMATE CHANGES AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS......Page 217
VULNERABILITY, LIVELIHOODS AND POVERTY IN THE MOROGORO REGION......Page 219
RESPONSES TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY......Page 223
CONCLUSIONS......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 230
SECTION  2: Governance, Institutions, Laws and Policies......Page 234
12. Water Governance and Water Economics......Page 236
Models Pertaining to Water......Page 239
Legal Perspective......Page 241
Benefits of Community Participation......Page 243
Subsidies and Water Pricing Practices......Page 246
CONCLUSION......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
INTRODUCTION......Page 250
INSTITUTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY BASED ON EXTENT AND
COHERENCE OF THE REGIME......Page 252
CHANGES IN NATIONAL WATER REGIMES IN EUROPE......Page 260
EXPLAINING CHANGES TOWARDS MORE INTEGRAL LOCAL WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT......Page 268
CONCLUSIONS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF EUROPEAN WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT POLICY......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 282
1. THE EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE AND CITIZEN PARTICIPATION......Page 284
2. FOCUS GROUPS AND CITIZENS’ JURY......Page 288
3. THE DUTCH CASE: FOCUS GROUPS AND A CITIZENS’ JURY IN THE IJSSELMEER BASIN......Page 290
4. AN EVALUATION OF THE METHODS ON THE BASIS OF THE DUTCH EXPERIENCE......Page 294
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 309
INTRODUCTION......Page 312
Intergovernmental Management Strategies......Page 315
Using IGM to Build, Manage, or Reconfigure IONs......Page 316
Context Matters......Page 327
The Human Side of IGM......Page 329
Minimizing Transaction Costs......Page 331
Summary and Conclusions......Page 332
REFERENCES......Page 334
WATER SUSTAINABILITY......Page 340
THE ADVOCACY COALITION FRAMEWORK......Page 344
OVERVIEW OF WATER DEVELOPMENT......Page 346
CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ACHIEVINGSUSTAINABLE WATER POLICY......Page 350
WATER REFORMS TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY......Page 353
CONCLUSIONS......Page 366
REFERENCES......Page 367
ABUNDANCE AND SCARCITY......Page 370
A WATER PROPERTY RIGHTS PRIMER......Page 374
RIPARIANISM AND THE GREAT LAKES BASIN......Page 376
STATE ALLOCATION AND NESTED GOVERNANCE IN THE MURRAY-DARLING BASIN......Page 381
CONCLUSION......Page 384
REFERENCES......Page 385
INTRODUCTION......Page 388
Language of the Damming: An All-Purpose Project to Serve All Turkish Identities......Page 391
Evolving History of the GAP: ‘Moral’ Paradigms Supporting Nationalism......Page 394
Creating an Environmental Consciousness......Page 396
Environmental Arguments Diverted......Page 398
The Development of Problems......Page 399
The Kurdish Question......Page 402
Effects of the GAP on the Local Population......Page 403
Conclusion......Page 406
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 408
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 412
2. UNDERSTANDING THE CURRENT SITUATION OF WATER RESOURCES-THE CASE OF ISRAEL AND PALESTINE......Page 417
3. THE REQUIRED RESPONSE......Page 427
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 433
INTRODUCTION......Page 436
Water Crisis in the Middle East: The Issues......Page 438
Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict......Page 440
Water in the Peace Process......Page 444
Conflicts Over the Euphrates and the Tigris......Page 446
The Way Ahead......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 451
SECTION 3: Best Practices Management......Page 452
21 Community-based Watersheds: A Novel Approach to Sustainable Freshwater Management......Page 454
EVOLUTION OF THE WATERSHED CONCEPT......Page 455
IN MADHYA PRADESH......Page 459
RGMWSM–ORIGIN, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY......Page 460
PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM UNDER RGMWSM......Page 462
PRESENT STATUS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF RGMWSM......Page 470
REFERENCES......Page 472
INTRODUCTION......Page 474
The Demand-Supply Gap......Page 476
Demand-side Drought Management......Page 477
Impacts of Demand-side Drought Management......Page 484
A Case Study: Wilmington Metropolitan Area......Page 487
Water Conservation-oriented Rates (WCORs)......Page 488
Conservation Technology Programs (CTPs)......Page 492
Major Barriers to WCOR and CTP......Page 495
Water Savings: Reduced Withdrawal......Page 497
CONCLUSIONS......Page 501
REFERENCES......Page 502
SECTION 4: Human Rights......Page 508
23. Introduction to Human Rights Section......Page 510
Water – A Rare but Basic Need......Page 514
Water – a basic need becomes a Millennium Development Goal......Page 515
Water – A Basic Beed Becomes a Human Right......Page 516
The Human Right to Water and its Relation to Other Human Rights......Page 518
Core Obligations Under the Human Right to Water......Page 519
The Human Right to Water as a Framework for Privatization......Page 520
The Human Right to Water as Guidance for Corporate Behaviour......Page 521
Satisfaction of Access to Water and Sanitation as a Basic Need......Page 522
Implementation of the Human Right to Water......Page 523
REFERENCES......Page 525
25. Financing the Human Right to Water as a Millennium Development Goal......Page 528
Water – Issue for Public Funding......Page 529
Defining Development Standards as a Precondition for Investment......Page 530
The Problem of Foreign Direct Investment / Private Sector Participation......Page 531
Risks in Attracting PPP and FDI by Deregulation......Page 532
Financing the Human Right to Water is a Question of Cross Subsidizing......Page 534
CONCLUSION......Page 535
REFERENCES......Page 536
Index......Page 538