Non-Lethal' Weapons (Global Issues (Palgrave MacMillan))

Contents\r......Page 8
Foreword\r......Page 13
Acknowledgements\r......Page 15
Abbreviations\r......Page 16
1.1 So-called \'non-lethal\' weapons......Page 22
1.1.1 Questioning benign intent......Page 24
1.1.2 Alternatives to lethal force? Or compliance tools?......Page 25
1.1.3 Lethality by design......Page 26
1.1.4 Disingenuous advocacy......Page 27
1.1.5 The end of \'non-lethal\' weapons?......Page 28
1.2 The technological imperative\r......Page 30
1.3 Chapter overview......Page 31
2.1 The 1960s and 1970s: The new riot control......Page 33
2.1.1 Irritant chemical weapons: From CN to CS......Page 37
2.1.2 Blunt impact projectiles: Inaccuracy and injury......Page 41
2.1.3 Electrical weapons: From torture to Taser......Page 42
2.1.4 The technological imagination......Page 44
2.1.5 Legal issues: Chemical and biological arms control......Page 50
2.2.1 A police research programme......Page 52
2.2.2 Emerging military concepts......Page 54
2.2.3 Electrical weapons: \'Stun guns\' hit the streets......Page 55
2.2.4 Other technical developments......Page 56
2.2.5 Legal issues: Controlling inhumane weapons......Page 58
2.3 Conclusion......Page 59
3.1.1 Cooperation and collaboration......Page 61
3.1.2 Influential events......Page 63
3.1.3 New technologies for policing......Page 64
3.1.4 International connections......Page 67
3.2.1 Advocates and emerging concepts......Page 68
3.2.2 Disparate research efforts......Page 70
3.2.4 Secrecy......Page 72
3.2.5 Policy and prioritisation......Page 73
3.2.6 Technology investment......Page 76
3.2.7 Institutionalising \'non-lethal\' weapons......Page 78
3.2.8 Following the US lead......Page 79
3.3 Irritant chemical weapons: \'Pepper spray\' preferred......Page 80
3.4 Electrical weapons: Raising the voltage......Page 81
3.5 Other technologies......Page 83
3.6 Legal issues: Consensus on chemicals and lasers......Page 86
3.7 Conclusion......Page 89
4.1.2 The influence of 9/11......Page 91
4.1.3 Programme drivers......Page 92
4.1.4 Funding research......Page 93
4.1.5 UK alternatives to the plastic bullet......Page 99
4.2.1 Defining research and development needs......Page 101
4.2.3 Lack of institutional support and funding......Page 105
4.2.5 Current weapons development programmes......Page 107
4.2.6 Key research players......Page 112
4.2.7 Emerging research and development focus......Page 113
4.2.8 Increasing institutional support?......Page 114
4.3 Irritant chemical weapons: The rise of PAVA......Page 115
4.4 Blunt impact projectiles: Continuing injury concerns......Page 116
4.5 Electrical weapons: Taser expansion and diversification......Page 117
4.6 Other technologies......Page 118
4.7 Legal issues: Stresses on international law......Page 122
4.8 Conclusion......Page 123
5.1 Definitions......Page 126
5.2.1 \'Off the rocker\' and \'on the floor\'......Page 128
5.2.2 Advanced Riot Control Agent Device (ARCAD)......Page 132
5.3.1 Potential payloads......Page 139
5.3.2 Weaponisation: Delivery systems......Page 150
5.4.1 Technical realities......Page 154
5.4.2 Pushing the legal boundaries......Page 157
5.4.3 Advocacy......Page 159
5.4.4 The role of scientists and public opinion......Page 161
5.5 Conclusion......Page 163
6.1 Definitions......Page 164
6.1.1 Lasers......Page 165
6.2.1 Past programmes......Page 167
6.2.2 Contemporary programmes: \'Dazzling\' lasers......Page 171
6.3 High energy laser weapons......Page 177
6.3.1 Laser-induced plasma: The Pulsed Energy Projectile......Page 178
6.3.2 Wireless electrical weapons......Page 182
6.4.1 Past programmes: Death rays and mind control......Page 183
6.4.2 Contemporary programmes: Active Denial and \'controlled effects\'......Page 187
6.5.1 Low energy laser weapons......Page 198
6.5.2 High energy laser weapons......Page 199
6.5.3 Radio frequency, microwave, and millimetre wave weapons......Page 201
6.6 Conclusion......Page 205
7.1 Definitions......Page 207
7.2 Past interest: Psychological operations......Page 209
7.3 Weapons programmes during the 1990s......Page 211
7.3.2 The NLAW programme......Page 212
7.3.3 Testing prototypes......Page 213
7.3.4 Vortex rings......Page 215
7.4.1 The Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD)......Page 216
7.4.2 An acoustic weapon?......Page 218
7.4.3 Persistent research and development......Page 220
7.4.4 Underwater weapons......Page 222
7.4.5 A failed enterprise......Page 223
7.5.3 Misinformation......Page 225
7.6 Conclusion......Page 226
8.1 The police–military divide......Page 227
8.3 A failed revolution?......Page 229
8.3.1 Drugs and the mind......Page 230
8.3.2 Directed-energy evolution......Page 231
8.4 Organisation and funding......Page 232
8.5.1 Untangling the concept......Page 233
8.5.2 Semantics and reason......Page 234
8.5.3 Avoiding a chemical and biological weapons renaissance......Page 235
8.5.4 Directed energy weapons: Opportunities for preventative arms control?......Page 236
8.5.6 Complying with international humanitarian law......Page 237
8.5.8 Avoiding mission creep......Page 238
8.6 Continued scrutiny......Page 239
Notes......Page 241
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W\r......Page 325