Analog Optical Links: Theory and Practice

Half-title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
1.1 Background......Page 16
1.2.1 Transmit optical links......Page 23
1.2.2 Distribution optical links......Page 24
1.2.3 Receive optical links......Page 26
1.3 Optical fibers......Page 27
References......Page 32
2.1 Introduction......Page 34
2.2.1 Direct modulation......Page 35
2.2.1.1 Fabry–Perot diode laser......Page 36
2.2.1.2 Distributed feedback diode laser......Page 45
2.2.1.3 Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)......Page 47
2.2.2.1 Mach–Zehnder modulator......Page 49
2.2.2.2 Directional coupler modulator......Page 56
2.2.2.3 Electro-absorption modulator......Page 60
2.3 Photodetectors......Page 64
Appendix 2.1 Steady state (dc) rate equation model for diode lasers......Page 69
References......Page 78
References for Fig. 2.3: Laser efficiency vs. wavelength and frequency (Fig. 4.2)......Page 79
References for Fig. 2.10: Modulator efficiency vs. wavelength and frequency (Fig. 4.6)......Page 80
References for Fig. 2.15: Detector efficiency vs. wavelength and frequency (Fig. 4.8)......Page 81
3.1 Introduction......Page 84
3.2 Small-signal intrinsic gain......Page 85
3.2.1 Direct modulation......Page 87
3.2.2 External modulation......Page 89
3.3.1 Optical power......Page 90
3.3.2 Wavelength......Page 94
3.3.3 Modulation slope efficiency and photodetector responsivity......Page 96
3.4 Large-signal intrinsic gain......Page 97
References......Page 103
4.1 Introduction......Page 106
4.2.1 Diode lasers......Page 108
4.2.2 External modulators......Page 113
4.2.3 Photodetectors......Page 120
4.3 Passive impedance matching to modulation and photodetection devices......Page 125
4.3.1.1 Broad bandwidth impedance matching......Page 127
4.3.1.2 Bandpass impedance matching to a photodiode......Page 130
4.3.2.1 Broad bandwidth impedance matching......Page 132
4.3.2.2 Bandpass impedance match to a diode laser......Page 139
4.3.2.3 Direct modulation link with passive impedance matching......Page 141
4.3.3.1 Broad bandwidth impedance matching......Page 144
4.3.3.2 Bandpass impedance matching to a Mach–Zehnder modulator......Page 149
4.3.3.3 External modulation link with passive impedance matching......Page 151
4.4 Bode–Fano limit......Page 153
4.4.1 Lossy impedance matching......Page 154
4.4.2 Lossless impedance matching......Page 157
Appendix 4.1 Small-signal modulation rate equation model for diode lasers......Page 167
References......Page 171
5.1 Introduction......Page 174
5.2.1.1 Thermal noise......Page 175
5.2.1.2 Shot noise......Page 177
5.2.1.3 Relative intensity noise......Page 178
5.2.2 Noise figure......Page 182
5.3.1 General link noise model......Page 183
5.3.2 RIN-dominated link......Page 184
5.3.3 Shot-noise-dominated link......Page 188
5.4 Scaling of noise figure......Page 193
5.4.1 Impedance matching......Page 194
5.4.2 Device slope efficiency......Page 195
5.4.3 Average optical power......Page 197
5.5.1 Lossless passive match limit......Page 200
5.5.2 Passive attenuation limit......Page 202
5.5.3.1 Lossy, passive match limit......Page 204
5.5.3.2 Lossy, passive limit......Page 209
Appendix 5.1 Minimum noise figure of active and passive networks......Page 211
References......Page 214
6.1 Introduction......Page 216
6.2.1 Power series distortion model......Page 217
6.2.2 Measures of distortion......Page 220
6.3.1 Diode laser......Page 232
6.3.2 Mach–Zehnder modulator......Page 237
6.3.3 Directional coupler modulator......Page 240
6.3.4 Electro-absorption modulator......Page 242
6.3.5 Photodiode......Page 243
6.4 Methods for reducing distortion......Page 247
6.4.1 Primarily electronic methods......Page 248
6.4.2 Primarily optical methods......Page 255
Appendix 6.1 Non-linear distortion rate equation model for diode lasers......Page 264
References......Page 274
7.2.1.1 Diode laser bias current......Page 278
7.2.1.2 Optical reflections......Page 282
7.2.2.1 Modulator bias point......Page 283
7.2.2.2 Modulator incremental modulation efficiency......Page 286
7.2.3 SNR vs. noise limits and tradeoffs......Page 288
7.3.1 Amplifiers and link gain......Page 292
7.3.3 Amplifiers and link noise figure......Page 293
7.3.4 Amplifiers and link IM-free dynamic range......Page 294
References......Page 299
Index......Page 300