Plastics Additives: A Rapra Market Report

Contents......Page 5
1.3 Period Under Review......Page 11
1.6 Terminology......Page 12
1.8 Sources of Information......Page 13
2.9......Page 15
2.18......Page 16
2.20......Page 17
3.1 Factors Determining the Level of Demand for Additives......Page 19
3.3.5 Other Markets for Plastics......Page 29
3.3.1 Packaging......Page 21
3.3.2 Building and Construction......Page 23
3.3.3 Automotive......Page 25
3.2 Polymers......Page 20
3.5 Global Economies and their Significance for the Plastics Industry......Page 30
4.1 Antiblocking Agents......Page 33
4.1.2 Slip Agents......Page 34
4.2.1 Why Biocides Are Used in Plastics......Page 35
4.2.3 Active Ingredients of Antimicrobial Additives......Page 36
4.3.1 The Need for Polymers to be Protected Against Oxidation......Page 37
4.3.3 Primary and Secondary Antioxidants......Page 38
4.4.1 Introduction......Page 40
4.4.2 Blooming Antistatic Agents......Page 41
4.4.3 Compatibility......Page 42
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 43
4.5.2 Chemical Blowing Agents (CBA)......Page 44
4.5.3 Physical Blowing Agents......Page 45
4.5.3.2 Hydrocarbons......Page 47
4.6 Clarifying and Nucleating Agents......Page 48
4.7 Compatibilisers......Page 49
4.8.1 Why Fillers Are Added To Plastics......Page 50
4.8.3 Effects of Fillers on Polymer Properties......Page 51
4.8.4.1 Calcium Carbonate – CaCO3......Page 54
4.8.4.2 Carbon......Page 55
4.8.4.4 Kaolin......Page 56
4.8.4.7 Wollastonite – CaSiO3......Page 57
4.8.5 Surface Treatment of Fillers by Coupling Agents and Wetting Agents......Page 58
4.8.6 Nanofillers and Nanocomposites......Page 59
4.9.1 Introduction......Page 61
4.9.2 Mode of Action......Page 62
4.9.3 Halogenated Flame Retardants......Page 63
4.9.5 Antimony Trioxide......Page 64
4.9.7 Intumescent Phosphorus Systems......Page 65
4.9.8 Aluminium Trihydroxide (Alumina Trihydrate, ATH)......Page 66
4.9.10 Borates......Page 67
4.9.12 Tin......Page 68
4.10.1 Degradation of PVC......Page 69
4.10.3 Lead Stabilisers......Page 70
4.10.4 Mixed Metal Stabilisers (Ba-Zn, Ca-Zn, Ca-Ba-Zn)......Page 71
4.10.6 Organotin Stabilisers......Page 72
4.11.1 Brittle Failure in Polymers......Page 73
4.11.2 Mechanisms of Toughening......Page 74
4.11.2.3 Crazing Combined With Shear Yielding......Page 75
4.11.3 Types of Impact Modifier......Page 76
4.11.4.1 Polystyrene......Page 77
4.11.5 Thermosets......Page 78
4.12.3 Internal Lubricants......Page 79
4.12.5 Lubricants For Polymers Other Than PVC......Page 80
4.12.6 Process Aids......Page 81
4.13.1 Why Plasticisers Are Used......Page 82
4.13.2 Basic Requirements of a Plasticiser......Page 83
4.13.5 Non-phthalate Plasticisers......Page 84
4.13.6 Plasticisers for Non-PVC Polymers......Page 85
4.14.2 Light Absorption and Reflection......Page 86
4.14.3.1 Light-Absorbing Fillers......Page 88
4.14.3.2 Organic UV Absorbers......Page 89
4.14.3.4 Incorporation of Photoantioxidants Such As Hindered Amine Stabilisers (Derivatives of 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine)......Page 90
4.15 Miscellaneous Additives......Page 91
5.2 Antiblocking Agents......Page 93
5.3 Antimicrobials (Biocides)......Page 95
5.3.1 Replacement of Arsenic Compounds......Page 96
5.3.2 Biocides Containing Metal Atoms......Page 97
5.3.4 Permanence of Biocides......Page 98
5.4.1 Protection Against High Temperatures......Page 99
5.4.2 Permanence......Page 100
5.4.4 New Technology......Page 101
5.5.4 Food Contact......Page 102
5.5.5 Carbon......Page 103
5.5.7 New Types......Page 104
5.6.1 Demand for Foamed Plastics......Page 105
5.6.2 Changes in the Types of Physical Blowing Agents Used......Page 106
5.6.4 High Temperature Blowing Agents......Page 109
5.7.1 Competition Between PP and Other Polymers......Page 110
5.7.2 Nucleating Agents......Page 111
5.8 Compatibilisers......Page 112
5.8.1 Wood-Plastics Compatibilisers......Page 113
5.9 Fillers......Page 114
5.9.2 Calcium Carbonate......Page 115
5.9.4 Carbon......Page 116
5.9.5 Other Fillers......Page 117
5.9.6 Nanofillers......Page 119
5.10.2 Regulation......Page 122
5.10.4 Metal Hydroxides......Page 123
5.10.5 Brominated FRs......Page 124
5.10.6 Chlorinated FRs......Page 126
5.10.7 Antimony Compounds......Page 127
5.10.8 Phosphorus FRs......Page 128
5.10.10 Nitrogen-based FRs, With or Without Phosphorus Compounds......Page 129
5.10.11 Borate FRs......Page 130
5.10.14 New Ideas......Page 131
5.10.16 Smoke Suppressants......Page 132
5.11.2 Mixed Metal Soaps......Page 133
5.11.3 Volatile Emissions......Page 134
5.11.4 Organic Stabilisers......Page 135
5.11.5 Tin Compounds......Page 136
5.12.1 Achieving a Balance of Properties......Page 137
5.12.2 Acrylic Modifiers......Page 138
5.12.6 Modifying Thermosets......Page 139
5.13.1 Lubricants......Page 140
5.13.2 Process Aids......Page 141
5.14.1 Markets......Page 143
5.14.2 Health and Safety Controversy......Page 144
5.14.4 Minimising Plasticiser Loss......Page 145
5.14.5 Other Alternatives to Phthalates......Page 146
5.14.7 Medium Chain Length Chlorinated Paraffins......Page 147
5.15.2 Interference Between Additives......Page 148
5.15.5 Agricultural Film......Page 149
5.15.6 Other Developments......Page 151
6.2 The Global Economic Situation and its Effect on Plastics Sales......Page 153
6.3 Factors Influencing Additive Sales When Plastic Sales Remain Constant......Page 154
6.4 Consumption of Plastics and the Implications for Additives......Page 155
6.4.2 Polyolefins......Page 156
6.4.3 Other Polymers......Page 157
6.5.1 Recent Estimates of Market Size......Page 159
6.5.2 Future Prospects......Page 161
6.5.2.3 Antistatic Agents......Page 162
6.5.2.5 Fillers......Page 163
6.5.2.7 Nanofillers......Page 164
6.5.2.8 Flame Retardants......Page 165
6.5.2.9 Heat Stabilisers......Page 167
6.5.2.10 Impact Modifiers......Page 168
6.5.2.12 Plasticisers......Page 169
6.5.2.13 Light Stabilisers......Page 170
6.6.1 Types of Company......Page 172
6.6.2.1 Antiblocking Agents......Page 173
6.6.2.8 Fillers and Nanofillers......Page 174
6.6.2.9 Flame Retardants......Page 176
6.6.3 Some Specific Additive Suppliers......Page 177
6.6.3.3 Baerlocher (Headquarters: Unterschleissheim, near Munich, Germany)......Page 178
6.6.3.6 Clariant (Headquarters: Muttenz, Switzerland)......Page 179
6.6.3.7 Crompton Corp. (Headquarters: Middlebury, CT, USA)......Page 180
6.6.3.11 Dyneon (Headquarters: Oakdale, MN, USA)......Page 181
6.6.3.14 Great Lakes Chemical Corporation (Headquarters: Indianapolis, IN, USA)......Page 182
6.6.3.15 Rohm and Haas (Headquarters: Philadelphia, PA, USA)......Page 183
6.7 New Plant Capacity......Page 191
7.1 REACH......Page 195
7.2 End-of-Life Disposal......Page 196
7.3.2 Phthalates......Page 197
7.3.3 Heavy Metals......Page 198
7.5 Flame Retardants......Page 199
7.6 Food Contact Legislation......Page 200
Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 203
Appendix – Some Sources of Further Information......Page 207