Electrical Construction Databook

Table of Contents......Page 0
Front Matter......Page 1
Introduction......Page 4
Credits......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
1.1.0 Introduction......Page 28
1.1.1 Project to Do Checklist (Electrical)......Page 29
1.1.2 Drawing Design Checklist (Electrical)......Page 32
1.1.3 Site Design Checklist (Electrical)......Page 35
1.1.4 Existing Condition Service and Distribution Checklist......Page 37
1.1.5 Design Coordination Checklist (Electrical)......Page 40
1.1.6 Fire Alarm System Checklist......Page 43
1.2.0 Electrical Symbols......Page 47
1.3.0 Mounting Heights for Electrical Devices......Page 58
1.4.0 NEMA Configuration Chart for General-Purpose Nonlocking Plugs and Receptacles......Page 61
1.4.1 NEMA Configuration Chart for Specific-Purpose Locking Plugs and Receptacles......Page 62
1.5.0 IEEE Standard Protective Device Numbers......Page 63
1.6.2 Comparison of Specific Applications of NEMA Standard Enclosures for Indoor Hazardous Locations......Page 69
1.6.3 Knockout Dimensions for NEMA Standard Enclosures......Page 70
1.7.0 Formulas and Terms......Page 71
1.8.1 Typical Equipment Sizes: 600-V Class......Page 72
1.8.3 Generator Weight (lb) by kW......Page 73
1.8.6 Conduit Weight Comparisons (lb per 100 ft) with Maximum Cable Fill......Page 74
1.9.0 Seismic Requirements......Page 75
2. Requirements for Electrical Installations......Page 76
2.1.1 Description of Fuse Class Designations......Page 77
2.1.2 Maximum Peak Let-Through Current......Page 78
2.2.1 Working Spaces......Page 79
2.2.2 Examples of Conditions 1, 2, and 3 (Working Spaces)......Page 80
2.2.4 Example of Exception 3 (Working Spaces)......Page 81
2.2.6 Required Full 90-Degree Opening of Equipment Doors (Working Spaces)......Page 82
2.3.2 NEC Section 110.26(C), Basic Rule, Second Paragraph (Access to Working Space)......Page 83
2.3.4 Example of Exception No. 1 (Access to Working Space)......Page 84
2.4.1 Working Space and Dedicated Electrical Space......Page 85
2.4.3 Dedicated Electrical Space over and Under a Panelboard......Page 86
2.5.2 Elevation of Unguarded Live Parts Above Working Space......Page 87
3. Overcurrent Protection......Page 88
3.2.1 NEC Section 110.3(A)(5), (6) and (8) Requirements for Equipment Selection......Page 90
3.2.2 NEC Section 110.3(B) Requirements for Proper Installation of Listed and Labeled Equipment......Page 91
3.2.3 NEC Section 110.9 Requirements for Proper Interrupting Rating of Overcurrent Protective Devices......Page 93
3.2.4 NEC Section 110.10 Proper Protection of System Components from Short-Circuits......Page 100
3.4.1 NEC Section 215.10 Requirements for Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment on Feeders......Page 103
3.5.2 NEC Section 230.95 Ground-Fault Protection for Services......Page 104
3.6.1 NEC Section 240.1 Scope of Article 240 on Overcurrent Protection......Page 105
3.6.2 NEC Section 240.3 Protection of Conductors Other than Flexible Cords and Fixture Wires......Page 106
3.6.3 NEC Section 240.4 Proper Protection of Fixture Wires and Flexible Cords......Page 107
3.6.6 NEC Section 240.9 Thermal Devices......Page 108
3.6.7 NEC Section 240.10 Requirements for Supplementary Overcurrent Protection......Page 109
3.6.8 NEC Section 240.11 Definition of Current-Limiting Overcurrent Protective Devices......Page 110
3.6.9 NEC Section 240.12 System Coordination or Selectivity......Page 111
3.6.11 NEC Section 240.21 Location Requirements for Overcurrent Devices and Tap Conductors......Page 112
3.6.12 NEC Section 240.40 Disconnecting Means for Fuses......Page 114
3.6.15 NEC Section 240.53 Type S Fuses......Page 115
3.6.18 NEC Section 240.61 Classification of Fuses and Fuseholders......Page 116
3.6.20 NEC Sections 240.90 and 240.91 Supervised Industrial Installations......Page 117
3.6.24 NEC Section 240.92(C) Outside Feeder Taps......Page 118
3.7.3 NEC Section 250.96(A) Bonding Other Enclosures and Short-Circuit Current Requirements......Page 119
3.7.4 NEC Section 250.122 Sizing of Equipment Grounding Conductors......Page 120
3.10.1 NEC Section 384.16 Panelboard Overcurrent Protection......Page 121
3.11.3 NEC Section 430.8 Marking on Controllers......Page 122
3.11.5 NEC Section 430.36 Fuses Used to Provide Overload and Single-Phasing Protection......Page 123
3.11.6 NEC Section 430.52 Sizing of Various Overcurrent Devices for Motor Branch-Circuit Protection......Page 124
3.11.8 NEC Section 430.71 Motor Control-Circuit Protection......Page 125
3.11.10 NEC Section 430.72(B) Motor Control-Circuit Conductor Protection......Page 126
3.11.11 NEC Section 430.72(C) Motor Control-Circuit Transformer Protection......Page 128
3.12.1 NEC Section 440.5 Marking Requirements on HVAC Controllers......Page 129
3.13.1 NEC Section 450.3 Protection Requirements for Transformers......Page 130
3.13.4 NEC Section 450.6(A)(3) Tie-Circuit Protection......Page 132
3.16.1 NEC Section 501.6(B) Fuses for Class 1, Division 2 Locations......Page 133
3.18.1 NEC Section 520.53(F)(2) Protection of Portable Switchboards on Stage......Page 134
3.21.1 NEC Section 620.62 Selective Coordination of Overcurrent Protective Devices for Elevators......Page 135
3.22.1 NEC Section 670.3 Industrial Machinery......Page 136
3.23.2 NEC Section 700.16 Emergency Illumination......Page 137
3.24.1 NEC Section 705.16 Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources......Page 138
3.26.1 NEC Section 760.23 Requirements for Non-Power-Limited Fire Alarm Signaling Circuits......Page 139
4. Wiring Methods and Materials......Page 140
4.1.0 NEC Table 300.1(C), Metric Designator and Trade Sizes......Page 143
4.1.1 NEC Table 300.5. Minimum Cover......Page 144
4.2.1 NEC Table 300.19(A) Spacings for Conductor Supports......Page 145
4.2.2 Examples of Installed Support Bushings and Cleats......Page 146
4.3.1 NEC Table 300.50. Minimum Cover Requirements......Page 147
4.4.1 NEC Table 310.5. Minimum Size of Conductors......Page 148
4.4.2 NEC Table 310.13. Conductor Application and Insulations......Page 149
4.4.4 NEC Table 310.15(B)(2)(A). Adjustment Factors for More than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in a Raceway or Cable......Page 154
4.4.5 NEC Table 310.16. Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Conductors Rated 0 through 2000 V, 60°C through 90°C......Page 156
4.4.6 NEC Table 310.17. Allowable Ampacities of Single-Insulated Conductors Rated 0 through 2000 V in Free Air......Page 157
4.4.7 NEC Table 310.18. Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V, 150°C through 250°C......Page 159
4.4.8 NEC Table 310.19. Allowable Ampacities of Single-Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V, 150°C through 250°C......Page 160
4.4.9 NEC Table 310.20. Ampacities of Not More than Three Single Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 161
4.4.11 NEC Table 310.61. Conductor Application and Insulation......Page 162
4.4.13 NEC Table 310.63. Thickness of Insulation and Jacket for Nonshielded Solid-Dielectric Insulated Conductors Rated 2001 to 8000 V......Page 163
4.4.15 NEC Table 310.67. Ampacities of Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cables Triplexed in Air......Page 164
4.4.17 NEC Table 310.69. Ampacities of Insulated Single Copper Conductor Isolated in Air......Page 165
4.4.19 NEC Table 310.71. Ampacities of an Insulated Three-Conductor Copper Cable Isolated in Air......Page 166
4.4.21 NEC Table 310.73. Ampacities of an Insulated Triplexed or Three Single-Conductor Copper Cables......Page 167
4.4.23 NEC Table 310.75. Ampacities of an Insulated Three-Conductor Copper Cable in Isolated Conduit in Air......Page 168
4.4.24 NEC Table 310.76. Ampacities of an Insulated Three-Conductor Aluminum Cable in Isolated Conduit in Air......Page 169
4.4.25 NEC Figure 310.60. Cable Installation Dimensions for Use with Tables 4.4.26 through 4.4.35......Page 170
4.4.26 NEC Table 310.77. Ampacities of Three Single-Insulated Copper Conductors in Underground Electrical Ducts......Page 171
4.4.27 NEC Table 310.78. Ampacities of Three Single-Insulated Aluminum Conductors in Underground Electrical Ducts......Page 172
4.4.28 NEC Table 310.79. Ampacities of Three Insulated Copper Conductors Cabled Within an Overall Covering......Page 174
4.4.29 NEC Table 310.80. Ampacities of Three Insulated Aluminum Conductors Cabled Within an Overall Covering......Page 175
4.4.30 NEC Table 310.81. Ampacities of Single-Insulated Copper Conductors Directly Buried in Earth......Page 176
4.4.31 NEC Table 310.82. Ampacities of Single-Insulated Aluminum Conductors Directly Buried in Earth......Page 177
4.4.32 NEC Table 310.83. Ampacities of Three Insulated Copper Conductors Cabled within an Overall Covering......Page 178
4.4.33 NEC Table 310.84. Ampacities of Three Insulated Aluminum Conductors Cabled within an Overall Covering......Page 179
4.4.34 NEC Table 310.85. Ampacities of Three Triplexed Single-Insulated Copper Conductors Directly Buried in Earth......Page 180
4.4.35 NEC Table 310.86. Ampacities of Three Triplexed Single-Insulated Aluminum Conductors Directly Buried in Earth......Page 181
4.5.1 NEC Table 392.7(B)(2). Metal Area Requirements for Cable Trays Used as Equipment Grounding Conductor......Page 182
4.5.2 An Example of Multiconductor Cables in Cable Trays with Conduit Runs to Power Equipment Where Bonding is Provided......Page 183
4.5.4 NEC Table 392-9(E). Allowable Cable Fill Area for Multiconductor Cables in Ventilated Channel Cable Trays......Page 184
4.5.5 NEC Table 392-10(A). Allowable Cable Fill Area for Single-Conductor Cables in Ladder or Ventilated-Trough Cable Trays......Page 185
4.5.7 An Illustration of Section 392.11(B)(4), for Three Single Conductors Installed in a Triangular Configuration......Page 186
4.6.2 600-V MI Power Cable: Size and Ampacities......Page 188
4.6.4 MI Cable Versus Conventional Construction in Hazardous (Classified) Locations......Page 190
4.6.5 Engineering Data: Calculating Voltage Drop and Feeder Sizing (MI Cable)......Page 191
4.7.2 Minimum Support Required for IMC, RMC, and EMT......Page 192
4.7.4 NEC Table 352.30(B). Support of Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit......Page 193
4.7.5 NEC Table 352.44(A). Expansion Characteristics of PVC Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit......Page 194
4.7.7 NEC Table 348.22. Maximum Number of Insulated Conductors in Metric Designator 12 (3/8-In.) Flexible Metal Conduit......Page 195
4.7.8 Conductor Fill Table for Various Surface Raceways......Page 196
4.7.9 NEC Table 384.22. Channel Size and Inside Diameter Area......Page 197
4.8.2 NEC Table 314.16(B). Volume Allowance Required per Conductor......Page 198
4.9.1 NEC Table 400.4. Flexible Cords and Cables......Page 199
4.9.2 NEC Table 400.5(A). Allowable Ampacity for Flexible Cords and Cables......Page 205
4.9.4 NEC Table 400.5(B). Adjustment Factors for More than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in a Flexible Card or Cable......Page 206
4.9.5 NEC Table 402.3. Fixture Wires......Page 207
4.9.6 NEC Table 402.5. Allowable Ampacity for Fixture Wires......Page 210
5.1.0 Introduction......Page 211
5.1.1 Radial Circuit Arrangements in Commercial Buildings......Page 212
5.1.2 Radial Circuit Arrangement: Common Primary Feeder to Secondary Unit Substations......Page 213
5.1.3 Radial Circuit Arrangement: Individual Primary Feeder to Secondary Unit Substations......Page 214
5.1.4 Primary Radial-Selective Circuit Arrangements......Page 215
5.1.5 Secondary-Selective Circuit Arrangement (Double-Ended Substation with Single Tie)......Page 216
5.1.6 Secondary-Selective Circuit Arrangement (Individual Substations with Interconnecting Ties)......Page 217
5.1.7 Primary- and Secondary-Selective Circuit Arrangement (Double-Ended Substation with Selective Primary)......Page 218
5.1.8 Looped Primary Circuit Arrangement......Page 219
5.1.9 Distributed Secondary Network......Page 220
5.1.10 Basic Spot Network......Page 221
6.1.0 Introduction......Page 222
6.1.2 Typical Appliance/General-Purpose Receptacle Loads (Excluding Plug-In-Type A/C and Heating Equipment)......Page 223
6.1.4 Typical Connected Electrical Load for Air Conditioning Only......Page 224
6.1.6 All-Weather Comfort Standard Recommended Heat-Loss Values......Page 225
6.1.9 Typical Power Requirement (kW) for Fire Pumps in Commercial Buildings (Light Hazard)......Page 226
6.1.11 Comparison of Maximum Demand......Page 227
6.1.13 Factors Used in Sizing Distribution-System Components......Page 228
6.1.15 Service Entrance Peak Demand (Veterans Administration)......Page 229
6.1.16 Service Entrance Peak Demand (Hospital Corporation of America)......Page 230
7.1.0 Introduction......Page 231
7.1.1 Point-to-Point Method, Three-Phase Short-Circuit Calculations, Basic Calculation Procedure and Formulas......Page 232
7.1.2 System a and System B Circuit Diagrams for Sample Calculations Using Point-to-Point Method......Page 233
7.1.3 Point-to-Point Calculations for System A to Faults X 1 and X 2......Page 234
7.1.4 Point-to-Point Calculations for System B to Faults X 1 and X 2......Page 235
7.1.5 C Values for Conductors and Busway......Page 236
7.1.7 Average Characteristics of 600-V Conductors (Ohms per 100 ft): Two or Three Single Conductors......Page 237
7.1.9 LV Busway, R, X, and Z (Ohms per 100 ft)......Page 238
7.1.10 Short Cut Method 2: Chart Approximate Method......Page 239
7.1.12 Charts 1 through 13 for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents Using Chart Approximate Method......Page 240
7.1.13 Assumptions for Motor Contributions to Fault Currents......Page 243
7.1.14 Secondary Short-Circuit Capacity of Typical Power Transformers......Page 244
8.1.1 Recommended Procedure for Conducting a Selective Coordination Study......Page 245
8.1.6 Short-Cut Ratio Method Selectivity Guide......Page 247
9. Component Short-Circuit Protection......Page 256
9.1.1 Short-Circuit Current Withstand Chart for Copper Cables with Paper, Rubber, or Varnished-Cloth Insulation......Page 257
9.1.2 Short-Circuit Current Withstand Chart for Copper Cables with Thermoplastic Insulation......Page 259
9.1.3 Short-Circuit Current Withstand Chart for Copper Cables with Cross-Linked Polyethylene and Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber......Page 260
9.1.4 Short-Circuit Current Withstand Chart for Aluminum Cables with Paper, Rubber, or Varnished-Cloth Insulation......Page 261
9.1.5 Short-Circuit Current Withstand Chart for Aluminum Cables with Thermoplastic Insulation......Page 262
9.1.6 Short-Circuit Current Withstand Chart for Aluminum Cables with Cross-Linked Polyethylene and Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber Insulation......Page 263
9.1.7 Comparison of Equipment Grounding Conductor Short-Circuit Withstand Ratings......Page 264
9.1.9 U.L. No. 508 Motor Controller Short-Circuit Test Ratings......Page 265
9.1.10 Molded-Case Circuit Breaker Interrupting Capacities......Page 266
9.1.11 NEC Table 450.3(A). Maximum Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protection for Transformers over 600 V......Page 273
9.1.13 U.L. 1008 Minimum Withstand Test Requirement (For Automatic Transfer Switches)......Page 274
9.2.1 Protection through Current Limitation......Page 275
9.2.3 Analysis of a Current-Limiting Fuse......Page 276
9.2.5 How to Use the Let-Thru Charts......Page 277
9.2.6 Current-Limitation Curves: Bussmann Low-Peak Time-Delay Fuse KRP-C800SP......Page 278
10.1.1 Sizing Motor-Circuit Feeders and Their Overcurrent Protection......Page 279
10.1.3 Motor Circuit Data Sheets......Page 281
10.1.4 480-V System (460-V Motors) Three-Phase Motor-Circuit Feeders......Page 282
10.1.5 208-V System (200-V Motors) Three-Phase Motor-Circuit Feeders......Page 283
10.1.7 200-V Single-Phase Motor-Circuit Feeders......Page 284
10.1.9 Motor Starter Characteristics (For Squirrel-Cage Motors)......Page 285
10.1.11 Reduced-Voltage Starter Selection Table......Page 286
11. Standard Voltages and Voltage Drop......Page 287
11.1.2 Standard Nominal System Voltages in the United States......Page 288
11.1.3 Standard Nominal System Voltages and Voltage Ranges......Page 289
11.1.6 Voltage Systems Outside of the United States......Page 290
11.1 7 System Voltage Tolerance Limits......Page 291
11.1.8 Standard Voltage Profile for a Regulated Power-Distribution System, 120-V Base......Page 292
11.1.12 Voltage-Drop Calculations......Page 293
11.1.13 Voltage-Drop Tables......Page 294
11.1.14 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor, Direct Current......Page 296
11.1.15 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 70 Percent PF......Page 297
11.1.16 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 80 Percent PF......Page 298
11.1.17 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 90 Percent PF......Page 299
11.1.18 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 95 Percent PF......Page 300
11.1.19 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 100 Percent PF......Page 301
11.1.20 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 70 Percent PF......Page 302
11.1.21 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 80 Percent PF......Page 303
11.1.22 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 90 Percent PF......Page 304
11.1 23 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 95 Percent PF......Page 305
11.1.24 Voltage Drop for Al Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 100 Percent PF......Page 306
11.1.25 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor, Direct Current......Page 308
11.1.26 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 70 Percent PF......Page 309
11.1.27 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 80 Percent PF......Page 310
11.1.28 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 90 Percent PF......Page 311
11.1.29 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 95 Percent PF......Page 312
11.1.30 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Magnetic Conduit, 100 Percent PF......Page 313
11.1.31 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 70 Percent PF......Page 314
11.1.32 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 80 Percent PF......Page 315
11.1.33 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 90 Percent PF......Page 316
11.1.34 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 95 Percent PF......Page 317
11.1.35 Voltage Drop for Cu Conductor in Nonmagnetic Conduit, 100 Percent PF......Page 318
11.1.37 Voltage-Drop Values for Three-Phase Busways with Copper Bus Bars, in Volts per 100 ft......Page 319
11.1.39 Voltage-Drop Curves for Typical Plug-In-Type Cu Busway at Balanced Rated Load......Page 320
11.1.41 Voltage-Drop Curve versus Power Factor for Typical Light-Duty Trolley Busway Carrying Rated Load......Page 321
11.1.43 Application Tips......Page 322
11.1.45 Effect of Voltage Variations on Incandescent Lamps......Page 323
11.1.47 Calculation of Voltage Dips (Momentary Voltage Variations)......Page 324
12.1.0 Introduction......Page 326
12.1.2 Transformer Full-Load Current, Three-Phase, Self-Cooled Ratings......Page 327
12.1.4 Approximate Transformer Loss and Impedance Data......Page 328
12.1.5 Transformer Primary (480-V, Three-Phase, Delta) and Secondary (208-Y/120-V, Three-Phase, Four-Wire)......Page 329
12.1.7 Maximum Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protection for Transformers 600 V and Less......Page 330
12.2.1 Electrical Connection Diagrams......Page 331
12.3.2 Auto Zig-Zag Transformer Ratings......Page 332
12.4.2 Wiring Diagrams for Low-Voltage Single-Phase Buck-Boost Transformers......Page 333
12.4.3 Connection Diagrams for Buck-Boost Transformers in Autotransformer Arrangement for Single-Phase System......Page 334
12.5.1 Maximum Average Sound Levels for Transformers......Page 335
12.7.1 k-Rated Transformers......Page 336
13.1.0 Introduction......Page 338
13.2.1 Solidly Grounded Systems......Page 339
13.2.3 Resistence-Grounded Systems......Page 340
13.2.4 Grounding-Electrode System (NEC Articles 250.50 and 250.52)......Page 341
13.3.0 Ground-Fault Protection: Introduction......Page 342
13.3.2 Zero-Sequence Sensing Method......Page 343
13.3.3 Residual Sensing Method......Page 344
13.3.4 Dual-Source System: Single-Point Grounding......Page 345
13.4.0 Lightning Protection......Page 346
13.4.2 Rolling-Ball Theory......Page 348
13.4.3 Cone of Protection......Page 350
14. Emergency and Standby Power Systems......Page 351
14.1.2 Condensed General Criteria for Preliminary Consideration......Page 352
14.2.0 Emergency/Standby Power Source Options and Arrangements......Page 361
14.2.2 Two-Utility-Source System Where any Two Circuit Breakers Can be Closed......Page 362
14.2.4 Typical Transfer Switching Methods (A) Total Transfer and (B) Critical-Load Transfer......Page 363
14.2.5 Typical Multiengine Automatic Paralleling System......Page 365
14.2.6 Elevator Emergency Power Transfer System......Page 366
14.3.1 Generators and Generator-Set Sizing: Introduction......Page 367
14.3.2 Engine - Generator Set Load Factor......Page 369
14.3.4 Standards......Page 371
14.3.5.1 Generator Sizing Chart......Page 372
14.3.5.2 Generator Sizing Chart (When Using NEMA Code Letters)......Page 373
14.3.6 Critical Installation Considerations......Page 374
14.4.0 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems: Introduction......Page 376
14.4.2 \"Cold\" Standby Redundant UPS System......Page 377
14.4.4 Isolated Redundant UPS System......Page 380
14.5.1 Single-Module UPS System......Page 381
14.5.4 Dual Redundant UPS System......Page 382
14.5.5 Isolated Redundant UPS System......Page 384
14.5.7 Hot Tied-Bus UPS System......Page 385
14.5.8 Superredundant Parallel System: Hot Tied-Bus UPS System......Page 386
14.5.11 UPS Distribution Systems......Page 387
14.6.1 Power-System Configuration for 400-Hz Distribution......Page 389
15. NEC Chapter 9 Tables, and Appendices B and C......Page 391
15.1.1 NEC Chapter 9, Table 1, Percent of Cross Section of Conduit and Tubing for Conductors......Page 393
15.1.2 NEC Chapter 9, Table 4, Dimensions and Percent Area of Conduit and Tubing......Page 394
15.1.3 NEC Chapter 9, Table 5, Dimensions of Insulated Conductors and Fixture Wires......Page 399
15.1.4 NEC Chapter 9, Table 5A, Compact Aluminum Building Wire Nominal Dimensions and Areas......Page 401
15.1.5 NEC Chapter 9, Table 8, Conductor Properties......Page 402
15.1.6 NEC Chapter 9, Table 9, Alternating-Current Resistance and Reactance for 600-V Cables......Page 403
15.1.7 NEC Chapter 9, Tables 11(A) and 11(B), Class 2 and Class 3, Alternating-Current and Direct-Current Power-Source......Page 404
15.1.8 NEC Chapter 9, Tables 12 (A) and 12 (B), PLFA Alternating-Current and Direct-Current Power-Source Limitations......Page 406
15.2.1 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.1, Ampacities of Two or Three Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 407
15.2.2 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.3, Ampacities of Multiconductor Cables with Not More than Three Insulated Conductors......Page 408
15.2.3 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.5, Ampacities of Single-Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 409
15.2.4 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.6, Ampacities of Three Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 410
15.2.5 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.7, Ampacities of Three Single-Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 411
15.2.6 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.8, Ampacities of Two or Three Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 412
15.2.7 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.9, Ampacities of Three Triplexed Single Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 413
15.2.8 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.10, Ampacities of Three Single-Insulated Conductors, Rated 0 through 2000 V......Page 414
15.3.1 NEC (Annex B), Figure B.310.1, Interpolation Chart for Cables in a Duct Bank......Page 415
15.3.2 NEC (Annex B), Figure B.310.2, Cable Installation Dimensions for Use with NEC Tables B.310.5 through B.310.10......Page 416
15.3.3 NEC (Annex B), Figure B.310.3, Ampacities of Single-Insulated Conductors in Underground Electrical Ducts......Page 417
15.3.4 NEC (Annex B), Figure B.310.4, Ampacities of Single-Insulated Conductors  in Nonmagnetic Underground Electrical Ducts......Page 418
15.3.5 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.5, Ampacities of Single-Insulated Conductors in Nonmagnetic Underground Electrical Ducts......Page 419
15.3.6 NEC (Annex B), Table B.310.11, Adjustment Factors for More than Three Current-Carrying Conductors......Page 420
15.4.1 Table C1. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Electrical Metallic Tubing......Page 421
15.4.2 Table C1(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Electrical Metallic Tubing......Page 424
15.4.3 Table C2. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing......Page 425
15.4.4 Table C2(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing......Page 428
15.4.5 Table C3. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Flexible Metal Conduit......Page 429
15.4.6 Table C3(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Flexible Metal Conduit......Page 432
15.4.7 Table C4. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Intermediate Metal Conduit......Page 433
15.4.8 Table C4(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Intermediate Metal Conduit......Page 436
15.4.9 Table C5. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit......Page 437
15.4.10 Table C5(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit......Page 440
15.4.11 Table C6. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit......Page 441
15.4.12 Table C6(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit......Page 444
15.4.13 Table C7. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC)......Page 445
15.4.14 Table C7(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit......Page 448
15.4.15 Table C8. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Rigid Metal Conduit......Page 449
15.4.16 Table C8(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Rigid Metal Conduit......Page 452
15.4.17 Table C9. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 80......Page 453
15.4.18 Table C9(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 80......Page 456
15.4.19 Table C10. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 40 and HDPE Conduit......Page 457
15.4.20 Table C10(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 40 and HDPE Conduit......Page 460
15.4.21 Table C11. Maximum Number of Conductors or Fixture Wires in Type a Rigid PVC Conduit......Page 461
15.4.22 Table C11(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Type a Rigid PVC Conduit......Page 464
15.4.23 Table C12. Maximum Number of Conductors in Type EB PVC Conduit......Page 465
15.4.24 Table C12(A). Maximum Number of Compact Conductors in Type EB PVC Conduit......Page 467
16. Lighting......Page 468
16.1.2 U.S. and Canadian Standards for Ballast Efficacy Factor......Page 469
16.1.4 How Light Affects Color......Page 470
16.1.5 Summary of Light-Source Characteristics and Effects on Color......Page 471
16.3.1 Zonal Cavity Method of Calculating Illumination......Page 472
16.3.4 Light-Loss Factors by Groups......Page 473
16.3.7 Lamp Lumen Depreciation......Page 487
16.3.8 Procedure for Determining Luminaire Maintenance Categories......Page 488
16.3.10 Five Degrees of Dirt Conditions......Page 489
16.3.12 Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD) Factors......Page 490
16.3.13 Step-by-Step Calculations for the Number of Luminaries Required for a Particular Room......Page 491
16.3.14 Reflectance Values of Various Materials and Colors......Page 493
16.3.15 Room Cavity Ratios......Page 494
16. 3.16 Percent Effective Ceiling or Floor Cavity Reflectances for Various Reflectance Combinations......Page 495
16.3.17 Multiplying Factors for Effective Floor Cavity Reflectances Other than 20 Percent (0.2)......Page 497
16.3.18 Characteristics of Typical Lamps......Page 498
16.3.19 Guide to Lamp Selection......Page 500
16.3.21 Recommended Luminance Ratios......Page 502
16.3.22 Average Illuminance Calculation Sheet......Page 503
17.1.0 Introduction......Page 504
17.1.1 Table Summary Classification of Hazardous Atmospheres (NEC Articles 500 through 504)......Page 506
17.1.2 Classification of Hazardous Atmospheres......Page 505
17.1.3 Prevention of External Ignition and Explosion......Page 508
17.1.4 Equipment for Hazardous Areas......Page 511
17.1.5 Wiring Methods and Materials......Page 512
17.1.6 Maintenance Principles......Page 514
17.1.7 Gases and Vapors: Hazardous Substances Used in Business and Industry......Page 516
17.1.8 Dusts: Hazardous Substances Used in Business and Industry......Page 519
17.1.10 NEC Table 500.8(C)(2). Class Ii Ignition Temperatures......Page 521
17.1.11 NEC Article 505, Class I, Zone 0, 1 and 2 Locations......Page 522
17.1.12 NEC Article 511, Commercial Garages, Repair and Storage......Page 523
17.1.13 NEC Article 513, Aircraft Hangers......Page 524
17.1.14 NEC Article 514, Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities......Page 526
17.1.15 NEC Article 515, Bulk Storage Plants......Page 531
17.1.16 NEC Article 516, Spray Application, Dipping, and Coating Processes......Page 538
17.1.17 Installation Diagram for Sealing......Page 540
17.1.18 Diagram for Class I, Zone 1 Power and Lighting Installation......Page 541
17.1.19 Diagram for Class I, Division 1 Lighting Installation......Page 542
17.1.20 Diagram for Class I, Division 1 Power Installation......Page 543
17.1.21 Diagram for Class I, Division 2 Power and Lighting Installation......Page 544
17.1.22 Diagram for Class II Lighting Installation......Page 545
17.1.23 Diagram for Class II Power Installation......Page 546
17.1.24 Crouse-Hinds \"Quick-Selector\": Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Locations......Page 547
17.1.25 Worldwide Explosion Protection Methods, Codes, Categories, Classifications, and Testing Authorities......Page 548
18. Telecommunications Structured Cabling Systems......Page 551
18.1.1 Important Codes and Standards......Page 552
18.1.2 Comparison of ANSI/TIA/EIA, ISO/IEC, and CENELEC Cabling Standards......Page 553
18.2.0 Major Elements of a Telecommunications Structured Cabling System......Page 554
18.2.2 Conduit Sizing-Number of Cables......Page 555
18.2.4 Guidelines for Adapting Designs to Conduits with Bends......Page 556
18.2.5 Recommended Pull Box Configurations......Page 557
18.2.6 Minimum Space Requirements in Pull Boxes Having One Conduit Each in Opposite Ends of the Box......Page 558
18.2.7 Cable Tray Dimensions (Common Types)......Page 559
18.2.9 Horizontal Cabling to Two Individual Work Areas......Page 560
18.2.10 Cable Lengths......Page 561
18.2.11 Twisted-Pair (Balanced) Cabling Categories......Page 562
18.2.13 Twisted-Pair Work Area Cable......Page 563
18.2.15 Optional Eight-Position Jack Pin/Pair Assignments (TIA-568B)(Front View of Connector)......Page 564
18.2.17 Patch Cord Wire Color Codes......Page 565
18.2.18 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A Categories of Horizontal Copper Cables (Twisted-Pair Media)......Page 566
18.2.19 Work Area Copper Cable Lengths to a Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet Assembly (MUTOA)......Page 567
18.2.20 U.S. Twisted-Pair Cable Standards......Page 568
18.2.22 Duplex SC Interface......Page 569
18.2.24 Duplex SC Patch Cord Crossover Orientation......Page 570
18.2.26 Backbone System Components......Page 571
18.2.27 Backbone Star Wiring Topology......Page 572
18.2.28 Example of Combined Copper/Fiber Backbone Supporting Voice and Data Traffic......Page 573
18.2.29 Backbone Distances......Page 574
18.2.31 Determining Size of Floor Slots......Page 575
18.2.32 Conduit Fill Requirements for Backbone Cable......Page 576
18.2.34 TR Temperature Ranges......Page 577
18.2.36 Allocating Termination Space in TRs......Page 578
18.2.37 Typical Telecommunications Room (TR) Layout......Page 579
18.2.39 TR Regulatory and Safety Standards......Page 580
18.2.41 Underground Entrance Conduits for Entrance Facilities (EFs)......Page 581
18.2.43 Equipment Room (ER) Floor Space (Special-Use Buildings)......Page 582
18.2.45 Entrance Facility (EF) Floor Space (Minimum Equipment and Termination Floor Space)......Page 583
18.2.46 Separation of Telecommunications Pathways from 480-Volt or Less Power Lines......Page 584
18.2.47 Cabling Standards Document Summary......Page 585
18.3.0 Blown Optical Fiber Technology (BOFT) Overview......Page 586
18.3.1 Diagram Showing Key Elements of BOFT System......Page 587
18.3.2 BOFT Indoor Plenum 5-mm Multiduct......Page 588
18.3.3 BOFT Outdoor 8-mm Multiduct......Page 589
18.3.4 BOFT Installation Equipment......Page 590
19.1.0 Fire Alarm Systems: Introduction......Page 591
19.1.2 Fire Alarm System Classifications......Page 592
19.1.3 Fire Alarm Fundamentals: Basic Elements (Typical Local Protective Signaling System)......Page 593
19.1.6 Fire Alarm System: Style......Page 594
19.1.9 Notification-Appliance Circuits (NACs)......Page 595
19.1.11 Secondary Supply Capacity and Sources......Page 597
19.1.12 Audible Notification Appliances to Meet the Requirements of ADA, NFPA 72 (1993), and BOCA......Page 598
19.1.13 Visual Notification Appliances to Meet the Requirements of ADA, NFPA 72 (1993), and BOCA......Page 599
19.1.16 Application Tips......Page 600
19.2.1 Fire Pump Applications......Page 601
19.2.2 Typical One-Line Diagram of Fire Pump System with Separate ATS......Page 603
19.2.3 Typical One-Line Diagram of Fire Pump System with ATS Integrated with the Fire Pump Controller......Page 604
19.4.1 Wye-Delta Motor Starter Wiring......Page 605
19.5.1 Elevator Recall Systems......Page 607
19.5.2 Typical Elevator Recall/Emergency Shutdown Schematic......Page 609
19.5.3 Typical Elevator Hoistway/Machine Room Device Installation Detail......Page 610
19.6.0 Harmonic Effects and Mitigation......Page 608
20. Metrification......Page 613
20.1.0 What Will Change and What Will Remain the Same......Page 614
20.2.0 How Metric Units Will Apply in the Construction Industry......Page 621
20.3.0 Metrification of Pipe Sizes......Page 622
20.5.0 Metric Rebar Conversions......Page 623
20.6.0 Metric Conversion of ASTM Diameter and Wall-Thickness Designations......Page 624
20.7.0 Metric Conversion Scales (Temperature and Measurements)......Page 625
20.8.0 Approximate Metric Conversions......Page 626
20.9.0 Quick Imperial (Metric Equivalents)......Page 628
20.10.0 Metric Conversion Factors......Page 629
E......Page 630
G......Page 631
I......Page 632
M......Page 633
N......Page 634
P......Page 644
S......Page 645
T......Page 646
U......Page 648
V......Page 649
W......Page 650