Imaging of Diseases of the Chest, 5th Edition

Cover......Page 1
ISBN: 9780723434962......Page 2
Copyright page......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 10
DEDICATION......Page 12
Technique......Page 13
Extraradiographic views......Page 14
Limitations of conventional chest radiography......Page 15
Novel applications......Page 16
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY......Page 18
Acquisition parameters......Page 23
Radiation dose......Page 24
Detector efficiency......Page 25
Surface shaded display......Page 26
Maximum intensity projections......Page 28
Intravenous contrast enhancement......Page 29
Indications and protocols......Page 31
HRCT for parenchymal disease......Page 32
Bronchiectasis......Page 33
Small airways disease......Page 34
Expiratory CT......Page 35
Examination technique......Page 36
Perfusion scanning......Page 38
Ventilation scanning......Page 39
Technical considerations......Page 41
Applications......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 44
Central airways......Page 51
Pulmonary hila......Page 53
Lung parenchyma......Page 62
The pleura......Page 65
Fissures......Page 66
Accessory fissures......Page 68
(Inferior) pulmonary ligaments......Page 71
Normal mediastinum......Page 72
Mediastinal blood vessels......Page 73
Thymus......Page 76
Pretracheal space......Page 77
Aortopulmonary window......Page 78
Mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes......Page 79
Normal lymph node size......Page 80
Left mediastinal border......Page 81
Anterior junction......Page 82
Posterior junction and azygoesophageal recess......Page 83
Paraspinal lines......Page 85
Trachea and retrotracheal area191......Page 86
DIAPHRAGM AND CHEST WALL......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 91
SILHOUETTE SIGN......Page 95
AIR BRONCHOGRAM......Page 97
PULMONARY OPACITY......Page 100
AIRSPACE OPACITIES......Page 101
Differential diagnosis of airspace opacities......Page 103
Mechanisms of atelectasis......Page 113
Imaging lobar atelectasis......Page 115
Right upper lobe atelectasis......Page 116
Left upper lobe atelectasis......Page 117
Right middle lobe atelectasis......Page 121
Lower lobe atelectasis......Page 123
Distinguishing lower lobe collapse from pleural fluid......Page 127
Round atelectasis......Page 129
SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE/MASS......Page 131
Calcification......Page 133
Ground-glass opacity......Page 138
Contrast enhancement......Page 139
Rate of growth......Page 140
Size and shape......Page 141
Cavities and air crescent sign......Page 142
Management considerations......Page 143
MULTIPLE PULMONARY NODULES......Page 144
Management considerations......Page 145
Mucoid impaction......Page 147
Septal lines......Page 148
Bronchial wall (peribronchial) thickening......Page 149
NODULAR AND RETICULONODULAR OPACITIES AND HONEYCOMBING......Page 151
INCREASED TRANSRADIANCY OF THE LUNG......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
NORMAL LUNG ANATOMY ON HRCT......Page 165
air bronchogram......Page 167
architectural distortion......Page 168
bronchiolectasis......Page 169
bullous emphysema......Page 170
cyst......Page 171
hilum......Page 172
interlobular septum......Page 173
lobular core structures......Page 174
miliary pattern......Page 175
nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, or NSIP......Page 176
parenchyma......Page 177
pleural plaque......Page 178
progressive massive fibrosis......Page 179
reticular pattern......Page 180
signet ring sign......Page 181
TREE-IN-BUD PATTERN......Page 182
Reticular pattern......Page 183
Nodular pattern......Page 187
Ground-glass opacity......Page 189
Mosaic attenuation pattern......Page 191
Consolidation......Page 192
Cystic airspaces......Page 195
Decreased attenuation lung......Page 196
Distribution of infiltrative disease on HRCT......Page 198
Large airways diseases......Page 199
Small airways diseases......Page 201
Exudative bronchiolitis......Page 203
Clinical indications for HRCT of the lungs......Page 204
Pathologic specificity of HRCT in diffuse lung disease......Page 205
Assessment of disease reversibility and prognosis with HRCT......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
Infections of the lungs and pleura......Page 217
DIAGNOSING THE CAUSE OF PNEUMONIA......Page 218
Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia......Page 222
Streptococcus pyogenes pneumonia......Page 223
Staphylococcal pneumonia......Page 224
Anthrax......Page 225
Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia......Page 226
Klebsiella pneumonia......Page 227
Pertussis (whooping cough)......Page 228
Melioidosis......Page 229
Anaerobic lung infection (Box 5.4)......Page 230
Leptospirosis......Page 231
Rickettsial infections......Page 232
Chlamydial infections......Page 233
BACTERIAL PARAPNEUMONIC PLEURAL EFFUSIONS AND EMPYEMA......Page 234
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (Box 5.7)......Page 240
Primary tuberculosis......Page 241
Focal pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 243
Tuberculous lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia......Page 245
Miliary tuberculosis......Page 247
Tuberculous pleuritis......Page 248
CT of pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 250
NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS (Box 5.9)......Page 253
Radiographic manifestations......Page 254
Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex......Page 256
Other Mycobacterium species......Page 258
NOCARDIOSIS (Box 5.11)......Page 259
ACTINOMYCOSIS (Box 5.12)......Page 260
Pulmonary histoplasmosis (Box 5.13)......Page 262
Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis......Page 264
Cryptococcosis......Page 266
Nodules and masses......Page 267
Widespread small nodular or irregular shadows......Page 269
Persistent pulmonary coccidioidomycosis......Page 270
Blastomycosis......Page 271
Pulmonary aspergillosis......Page 274
Airway invasive aspergillosis......Page 276
Acute airway invasive aspergillosis......Page 277
Angioinvasive aspergillosis......Page 278
Overlap manifestations of aspergillosis......Page 279
Mucormycosis (zygomycosis)......Page 280
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA......Page 281
VIRAL PNEUMONIA......Page 282
Influenza viruses......Page 284
Respiratory syncytial virus......Page 285
Adenoviruses......Page 286
Varicella-zoster virus......Page 287
Roundworm, hookworm, and Strongyloides infections......Page 288
Paragonimiasis......Page 290
Echinococcus infection (hydatid disease)......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 293
HIV/AIDS......Page 307
Bacterial (pyogenic) infection......Page 308
Tuberculosis......Page 310
Nontuberculous (atypical) mycobacterial infection......Page 311
Pneumocystis jirovecii (see Box 6.5)......Page 314
Coccidioides immitis......Page 320
Blastomyces dermatitidis......Page 321
Aspergillus......Page 322
Cryptosporidium......Page 323
AIDS-related lymphoma......Page 324
Kaposi sarcoma......Page 325
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and other pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders......Page 327
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia......Page 329
Lung cancer......Page 330
Pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients......Page 331
Bacterial pneumonia......Page 333
Fungal infection (see Boxes 6.11–6.14)......Page 334
Viral infection......Page 343
Protozoal infection......Page 344
Imaging evaluation and differential diagnosis of pulmonary opacities in immunocompromised patients......Page 345
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and organizing pneumonia......Page 347
Neutropenic phase complications (0–30 days posttransplant)......Page 348
Early phase complications (30–100 days posttransplant)......Page 350
Late phase complications (>100 days posttransplant)......Page 351
Heart transplantation (see Box 6.18)......Page 352
Lung transplantation......Page 355
Types of lung transplantation......Page 356
Recipient evaluation......Page 357
Primary graft dysfunction (see Box 6.21)......Page 359
Vascular complications......Page 360
Acute rejection (see Box 6.22)......Page 363
Infection......Page 364
Airway complications (see Box 6.23)......Page 366
Opportunistic infection (see Box 6.25)......Page 367
Obliterative bronchiolitis and BOS (see Boxes 6.26 and 6.27)......Page 371
Complications unique to single lung transplantation......Page 374
Recurrent disease......Page 376
Pleural complications......Page 377
Malignancy in transplant recipients (see Box 6.28)......Page 378
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 382
PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM......Page 397
Acute pulmonary embolism without infarction......Page 398
Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)......Page 399
Technical considerations......Page 401
CTPA signs of acute pulmonary embolism......Page 404
Accuracy of CTPA......Page 406
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 410
Interpretation of the  scan......Page 411
Pulmonary angiography......Page 417
PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION......Page 419
Radiographic signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension......Page 420
Pulmonary arterial hypertension – idiopathic and associated disorders......Page 422
Pulmonary venoocclusive disease......Page 425
Congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts......Page 426
Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases and/or hypoxemia......Page 428
Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thromboembolism......Page 429
Other vascular causes of pulmonary hypertension......Page 431
HEPATOPULMONARY SYNDROME......Page 432
SICKLE CELL DISEASE......Page 433
Raised pulmonary venous pressure......Page 435
Subpleural pulmonary edema......Page 436
Alveolar edema......Page 438
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)......Page 439
Complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome......Page 444
Neurogenic pulmonary edema......Page 445
Pulmonary edema associated with upper airway obstruction......Page 446
REEXPANSION PULMONARY EDEMA......Page 447
REFERENCES......Page 448
Respiratory bronchiolitis/respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease......Page 463
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis......Page 465
Imaging features......Page 466
Other smoking-related diseases (Box 8.2)......Page 467
Etiology......Page 469
Computed tomography......Page 470
Diagnosis (Box 8.4)......Page 473
Silicosis......Page 474
Simple silicosis......Page 475
Progressive massive fibrosis......Page 476
Other complications of silica exposure......Page 478
Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (Box 8.7)......Page 480
Radiographic appearances......Page 481
Asbestos-related diseases......Page 482
Benign asbestos pleural effusion......Page 483
Asbestos-related pleural plaques......Page 484
Diffuse pleural thickening......Page 485
Rounded atelectasis......Page 486
Asbestosis......Page 489
Siderosis/arc-welder’s lung......Page 494
Inert dust pneumoconioses......Page 495
BERYLLIUM-RELATED DISEASES......Page 497
Flock worker’s lung......Page 498
Flavor worker’s lung......Page 499
Smoke and fire injury......Page 500
Airway and lung injury from toxic fume inhalation......Page 501
Reactive airways disease syndrome......Page 502
Near-drowning......Page 503
Chronic or recurrent aspiration......Page 504
Inhalation of foreign bodies......Page 505
REFERENCES......Page 509
DRUG-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE......Page 517
Diffuse alveolar damage......Page 519
Interstitial pneumonia......Page 520
LUNG INJURY DUE TO HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS......Page 521
LUNG INJURY DUE TO NEURAL OR HUMORAL MECHANISMS......Page 523
Drug-induced lupus......Page 524
DRUG-INDUCED PULMONARY GRANULOMATOSIS......Page 525
Exogenous lipid pneumonia......Page 526
Drug-induced alveolar hemorrhage......Page 527
Drug-induced pulmonary hypertension......Page 528
Drug-induced obliterative bronchiolitis......Page 530
Drug-related lymphadenopathy......Page 531
Amiodarone (see Box 9.8)......Page 532
Bleomycin (Box 9.9)......Page 534
Cyclophosphamide (Box 9.10)......Page 536
Cytosine arabinoside......Page 537
Gemcitabine......Page 538
Interleukin-2......Page 539
Methotrexate (Box 9.11)......Page 541
Mitomycin......Page 543
Narcotics (Box 9.12)......Page 544
Nitrofurantoin (see Box 9.13)......Page 546
Nitrosoureas (carmustine, CCNU) (Box 9.14)......Page 547
Oxygen......Page 548
Salicylates......Page 549
Statins......Page 550
Topoisomerase inhibitors......Page 551
RADIATION-INDUCED LUNG INJURY......Page 553
Radiation-induced fibrosis......Page 554
Radiology of radiation-induced lung injury (Box 9.15)......Page 555
Differential diagnosis of radiation-induced lung injury......Page 562
Ablation therapies......Page 564
REFERENCES......Page 565
IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIAS......Page 573
Clinical presentation......Page 575
Imaging appearances......Page 576
Complications......Page 581
Acute exacerbation of UIP......Page 582
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia......Page 584
Imaging appearances......Page 585
Organizing pneumonia......Page 586
Imaging findings......Page 587
Secondary organizing pneumonia......Page 589
Focal organizing pneumonia......Page 590
Acute interstitial pneumonia......Page 591
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia......Page 592
Familial lung fibrosis and surfactant deficiencies......Page 593
NSIP, DIP and organizing pneumonia......Page 594
Correlation between structure and function in IIPs......Page 595
COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE......Page 596
CT findings in rheumatoid lung disease......Page 597
Pleural disease......Page 599
Necrobiotic nodules......Page 600
Pulmonary vasculopathy......Page 602
Other associations......Page 603
Acute lupus pneumonitis......Page 604
Pulmonary hemorrhage......Page 605
Diaphragm dysfunction......Page 606
Pericarditis, myocarditis, and renal disease......Page 607
Progressive systemic sclerosis......Page 608
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis......Page 611
Interstitial lung disease......Page 612
Sjögren syndrome......Page 614
Overlap syndromes and mixed connective tissue disease......Page 615
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS......Page 617
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS......Page 618
Small vessel vasculitis......Page 620
Wegener granulomatosis......Page 621
Churg–Strauss syndrome......Page 625
Anaphylactoid purpura (Henoch–Schönlein purpura)......Page 627
Behçet disease and Hughes–Stovin syndrome......Page 628
DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE......Page 630
Goodpasture syndrome......Page 631
Idiopathic (primary) pulmonary hemosiderosis......Page 632
Differential diagnosis of alveolar hemorrhage......Page 633
REFERENCES......Page 634
Pathology and clinical features......Page 653
Diagnosis and prognosis......Page 655
Mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy (radiographic stage I)......Page 656
Natural history of stage I sarcoidosis......Page 658
Nodal calcification......Page 659
Reticulonodular and nodular opacities......Page 660
Alveolar and large nodular opacities......Page 662
Irreversible fibrotic changes......Page 664
Airway involvement......Page 665
Systemic vein involvement......Page 669
Role of CT in sarcoidosis......Page 670
Eosinophilic pneumonias......Page 671
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia......Page 672
Simple eosinophilic pneumonia (Löffler syndrome)......Page 674
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia......Page 675
Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis......Page 676
ABPA in cystic fibrosis......Page 682
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia......Page 685
Bronchocentric granulomatosis......Page 686
Hypereosinophilic syndrome......Page 687
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome......Page 688
PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS......Page 689
PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MICROLITHIASIS......Page 691
Other causes of pulmonary calcification......Page 692
Diffuse pulmonary ossification......Page 693
Chest wall involvement......Page 694
Lung involvement......Page 695
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis complex......Page 696
LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS......Page 697
BIRT–HOGG–DUBÉ SYNDROME......Page 699
LUNG DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE......Page 700
ERDHEIM–CHESTER DISEASE......Page 702
STORAGE DISEASES......Page 703
AMYLOIDOSIS......Page 704
Imaging findings......Page 706
Tracheobronchial amyloidosis......Page 708
Parenchymal nodular amyloidosis......Page 709
Parenchymal alveolar septal disease......Page 710
REFERENCES......Page 711
Saber-sheath trachea (Box 12.2)......Page 727
Scleroma......Page 729
Tracheo(broncho)pathia osteo(chondro)-plastica (Box 12.5)......Page 730
Tracheal widening......Page 731
Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier–Kuhn syndrome) (Box 12.7)......Page 732
Tracheomalacia (Boxes 12.8 and 12.9)......Page 734
Ectopic thyroid......Page 735
BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 736
HRCT signs of bronchiectasis......Page 737
Accuracy of HRCT for the detection of bronchiectasis......Page 743
Disease-specific patterns of bronchiectasis......Page 744
Cystic fibrosis......Page 745
Ciliary dyskinesia syndrome (immobile cilia syndrome) (Box 12.16)......Page 748
SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASES......Page 752
Constrictive obliterative bronchiolitis......Page 753
Diffuse panbronchiolitis......Page 758
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis......Page 759
Respiratory bronchiolitis......Page 760
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia......Page 761
Swyer–James or McLeod syndrome (Box 12.22)......Page 762
Chest radiography......Page 764
High-resolution computed tomography (Box 12.25)......Page 765
Chronic bronchitis......Page 766
Emphysema......Page 768
Chest radiography......Page 770
Computed tomography......Page 771
a1-Antitrypsin deficiency......Page 775
Imaging and lung volume reduction techniques......Page 776
Bullae......Page 777
REFERENCES......Page 780
Pathology......Page 799
Clinical features......Page 800
Shape......Page 801
Calcification......Page 803
Ground-glass density......Page 805
Rate of growth......Page 806
Collapse and consolidation in association with central tumors......Page 807
Hilar enlargement......Page 808
The international staging system......Page 809
Imaging for staging nonsmall cell lung cancer......Page 812
Mediastinal invasion......Page 813
Chest wall invasion......Page 815
Apical tumors (Pancoast, superior sulcus tumors)......Page 817
Intrathoracic lymph node staging (see Box 13.6)......Page 819
CT and MRI staging of nodal metastases......Page 820
Radionuclide imaging for staging of nodal metastases......Page 822
Pleural involvement......Page 823
Imaging extrathoracic metastases from lung cancer......Page 824
Adrenal metastases......Page 825
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma......Page 826
Recurrence of treated lung cancer......Page 829
Biases in cancer screening programs......Page 830
Population screening for lung cancer using low-dose CT......Page 831
Imaging algorithms to determine the nature of a small pulmonary nodule......Page 832
Is CT screening for lung cancer beneficial? (Box 13.8)......Page 833
BRONCHIAL CARCINOID......Page 834
HAMARTOMAS......Page 838
RARE MALIGNANT PULMONARY NEOPLASMS......Page 841
RARE BENIGN LUNG NEOPLASMS......Page 845
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA......Page 848
Staging......Page 849
Imaging features of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in lymphoma......Page 850
Pulmonary involvement in association with extrapulmonary disease......Page 851
Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin lymphoma......Page 853
Pleural and pericardial disease......Page 856
Chest wall invasion......Page 857
LEUKEMIA......Page 859
Leukostasis......Page 860
LOCALIZED FIBROUS TUMOR OF THE PLEURA......Page 861
DIFFUSE MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA......Page 863
OTHER TUMORS OF THE PLEURA......Page 869
Pulmonary metastases......Page 870
Computed tomography......Page 872
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 873
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa......Page 874
REFERENCES......Page 876
Imaging techniques......Page 893
Differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses......Page 894
Paratracheal, subcarinal, and paraesophageal masses......Page 896
Bronchogenic cysts......Page 898
Pericardial cysts......Page 899
Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst......Page 901
Desmoid tumor of the mediastinum......Page 902
Hiatal hernia......Page 903
Esophageal lesions......Page 904
Mediastinal lipomatosis......Page 905
Fatty tumors of the mediastinum......Page 908
Extramedullary hematopoiesis......Page 909
Germ cell tumors of the mediastinum......Page 910
Teratoma......Page 911
Malignant nonteratomatous germ cell tumors......Page 914
Causes of lymphadenopathy......Page 916
Castleman disease......Page 918
Diagnosis of lymphadenopathy......Page 919
Lymph node calcification......Page 920
Contrast enhancement on CT......Page 921
Chest radiographic signs of mediastinal lymph node enlargement......Page 923
CT of mediastinal lymph node enlargement......Page 924
PET imaging of mediastinal lymph node enlargement......Page 926
CT of hilar node enlargement......Page 927
Blood vessel tumors......Page 929
Mediastinal hemorrhage......Page 931
Acute mediastinitis......Page 933
Fibrosing mediastinitis......Page 934
Mediastinal panniculitis......Page 936
Imaging of neurogenic tumors (Box 14.15)......Page 941
Mediastinal paragangliomas......Page 948
Parathyroid lesions of the mediastinum......Page 950
Pneumomediastinum......Page 951
Radiographic findings of pneumomediastinum......Page 952
Superior vena cava syndrome......Page 953
Normal thymus......Page 954
Lymphofollicular thymic hyperplasia......Page 959
Rebound thymic hyperplasia......Page 960
Classification......Page 961
Thymic carcinoma......Page 962
Imaging correlation (see Table 14.2)......Page 965
Thymic lymphoma......Page 966
Congenital thymic cysts......Page 967
Thyroid lesions (Box 14.25)......Page 968
DISEASES OF THE THORACIC AORTA (Box 14.26)......Page 971
Atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm......Page 972
Traumatic aortic injury and pseudoaneurysm......Page 974
Mycotic aneurysm of the aorta......Page 977
Aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer......Page 978
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer......Page 979
Chest radiography......Page 980
Computed tomography......Page 982
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 985
Echocardiography......Page 986
Intramural hematoma......Page 988
Optimal imaging of a patient with a suspected acute (nontraumatic) aortic syndrome......Page 990
Aortic aneurysms resulting from aortitis......Page 991
Right aortic arch (Box 14.30)......Page 992
Pseudocoarctation of the aorta......Page 993
REFERENCES......Page 996
PLEURAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PLEURAL EFFUSIONS (Box 15.1)......Page 1015
Imaging of pleural effusion (Box 15.5)......Page 1017
Subpulmonic effusion......Page 1019
Large pleural effusion......Page 1020
Loculated pleural effusion......Page 1023
Pleural effusion in the supine patient......Page 1024
CT of pleural fluid......Page 1025
Specific causes of pleural effusion......Page 1029
Heart failure (Box 15.7)......Page 1032
Superior vena cava syndrome......Page 1033
Pancreatic disease......Page 1034
Splenic disease......Page 1035
Antineoplastic drugs......Page 1036
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome......Page 1037
Atelectasis, trapped lung, and pneumothorax ex vacuo......Page 1038
Physiology of chyle......Page 1039
Idiopathic causes......Page 1041
Imaging of chylothorax......Page 1042
PLEURAL THICKENING......Page 1043
Apical pleural cap......Page 1046
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE FOLLOWING PLEURODESIS......Page 1047
PLEURAL CALCIFICATION......Page 1048
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (Box 15.15)......Page 1049
Radiation......Page 1051
Bronchopulmonary endometriosis......Page 1052
Heritable disorders causing pneumothorax......Page 1053
Other familial conditions......Page 1054
Free pneumothorax......Page 1055
Pneumothorax in the supine patient......Page 1057
Complications of pneumothorax......Page 1058
Tension pneumothorax......Page 1060
Following progress and management......Page 1061
BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULA......Page 1063
REFERENCES......Page 1064
TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA......Page 1077
BRONCHIAL ATRESIA......Page 1081
CONGENITAL LOBAR OVERINFLATION......Page 1082
ABSENCE (AGENESIS OR APLASIA) OF LUNG OR LOBES OF LUNG (Table 16.1)......Page 1085
Primary bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia......Page 1086
Secondary pulmonary hypoplasia......Page 1087
SCIMITAR SYNDROME (see Table 16.1 and Box 16.5)......Page 1090
PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS......Page 1091
AZYGOS ANEURYSM......Page 1098
CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF LYMPHATIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 1099
BRONCHOGENIC CYST......Page 1101
PULMONARY SEQUESTRATION......Page 1105
CONGENITAL CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION OF THE LUNG......Page 1111
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia......Page 1116
Accessory diaphragm......Page 1119
REFERENCES......Page 1124
Blunt aortic injury......Page 1133
Chest radiography......Page 1136
Computed tomography......Page 1137
Aortography......Page 1142
Ultrasonography......Page 1143
Injury to the aortic branch vessels......Page 1144
INJURY TO THE PULMONARY PARENCHYMA (Box 17.6)......Page 1146
INJURY TO THE CENTRAL AIRWAYS (Box 17.7)......Page 1149
INJURY TO THE ESOPHAGUS OR THORACIC DUCT (Box 17.8)......Page 1152
INJURY TO THE DIAPHRAGM (Boxes 17.9 and 17.10)......Page 1154
Rib fractures......Page 1160
Sternal fractures......Page 1163
Sternoclavicular joint and scapula......Page 1164
Lung torsion (Box 17.11)......Page 1165
Fat embolism (Box 17.12)......Page 1168
REFERENCES......Page 1172
Index......Page 1179