Essential Neuroscience, 2nd Edition

Essential Neuroscience, Second Edition......Page 1
Half Title Page\n......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Preface\n......Page 9
Acknowledgments\n......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 13
SECTION I: Gross Anatomy of the Brain\n......Page 15
1: OVERVIEW OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 17
NEUROANATOMICAL TERMS......Page 18
CEREBRAL TOPOGRAPHY......Page 19
FOREBRAIN STRUCTURES VISIBLE IN HORIZONTAL AND FRONTAL SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN......Page 23
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CEREBELLUM AND BRAINSTEM......Page 26
CLINICAL CASE......Page 28
CHAPTER TEST......Page 29
2: DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM\n......Page 33
EARLY ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT......Page 34
MORPHOGENESIS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 36
ABNORMALITIES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 43
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEURAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 44
CLINICAL CASE......Page 46
CHAPTER TEST......Page 47
3: MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID\n......Page 49
COVERINGS OF THE BRAIN......Page 50
COVERINGS OF THE SPINAL CORD......Page 52
BRAIN VENTRICULAR SYSTEM......Page 53
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID......Page 54
CLINICAL CASE......Page 57
CHAPTER TEST......Page 58
4: BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM\n......Page 61
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN......Page 62
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE BRAIN......Page 66
THE SPINAL CORD......Page 68
CHAPTER TEST......Page 69
SECTION II: The Neuron\n......Page 73
5: HISTOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM\n......Page 75
THE NEURON......Page 76
TYPES OF NEURONS......Page 79
NEUROGLIA......Page 81
MYELINATED AXONS......Page 82
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 84
CLINICAL CASE......Page 86
CHAPTER TEST......Page 87
6: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS\n......Page 91
STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS......Page 92
TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE......Page 93
INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR IONIC CONCENTRATIONS......Page 94
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON......Page 95
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 103
CHAPTER TEST......Page 105
7: SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION\n......Page 109
TYPES OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION......Page 110
RECEPTORS......Page 112
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 114
CHAPTER TEST......Page 116
8: NEUROTRANSMITTERS\n......Page 121
MECHANISM OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE......Page 122
STEPS INVOLVED IN NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE......Page 125
INDIVIDUAL SMALL MOLECULE NEUROTRANSMITTERS......Page 126
NEUROACTIVE PEPTIDES......Page 137
GASEOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS......Page 138
RECEPTORS......Page 139
CLINICAL CASE......Page 145
CHAPTER TEST......Page 146
SECTION III: Organization of the Central Nervous System\n......Page 151
9: THE SPINAL CORD\n......Page 153
GROSS ANATOMY......Page 154
INTERNAL STRUCTURE......Page 156
CYTOARCHITECTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SPINAL GRAY MATTER......Page 157
SPINAL SEGMENTS......Page 158
SPINAL CORD TRACTS......Page 160
LESIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD......Page 170
SPINAL REFLEXES......Page 172
CHAPTER TEST......Page 176
10: BRAINSTEM I: THE MEDULLA\n......Page 183
GROSS ANATOMICAL VIEW AND INTERNAL ORGANIZATION......Page 184
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 193
CHAPTER TEST......Page 194
11: BRAINSTEM II: PONS AND CEREBELLUM\n......Page 197
GROSS ANATOMICAL VIEW OF THE PONS......Page 198
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PONS......Page 200
PONTINE TEGMENTUM......Page 201
THE CEREBELLUM......Page 203
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 205
CLINICAL CASE......Page 207
CHAPTER TEST......Page 208
12: BRAINSTEM III: THE MIDBRAIN\n......Page 211
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MIDBRAIN......Page 213
CLINICAL CASE......Page 217
CHAPTER TEST......Page 218
13: THE FOREBRAIN\n......Page 221
DIENCEPHALON......Page 222
BASAL GANGLIA......Page 230
LIMBIC SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES OF THE BASAL FOREBRAIN......Page 231
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 235
CLINICAL CASE......Page 236
CHAPTER TEST......Page 237
14: THE CRANIAL NERVES\n......Page 241
INTRODUCTION......Page 242
CLASSIFICATION OF THE CRANIAL NERVES......Page 243
ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CRANIAL NERVES WITHIN THE BRAINSTEM......Page 244
CLINICAL CASE......Page 264
CHAPTER TEST......Page 265
SECTION IV: Sensory Systems\n......Page 269
15: SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM\n......Page 271
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF SENSORY SYSTEMS......Page 272
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM......Page 273
CHAPTER TEST......Page 281
16: VISUAL SYSTEM\n......Page 285
COMPONENTS OF THE EYE......Page 286
DIFFERENT LAYERS OF THE RETINA......Page 288
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION......Page 289
PROCESSING OF SIGNALS FROM THE PHOTORECEPTORS BY DIFFERENT RETINAL CELLS......Page 291
VISUAL AND RETINAL FIELDS......Page 294
VISUAL PATHWAYS......Page 296
VISUAL REFLEXES......Page 298
PROMINENT DEFECTS IN VISION......Page 300
DEFICITS AFTER A LESION AT DIFFERENT SITES IN THE VISUAL PATHWAY......Page 302
CLINICAL CASE......Page 304
CHAPTER TEST......Page 305
17: AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEMS\n......Page 307
AUDITORY SYSTEM......Page 308
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM......Page 315
CLINICAL CASE......Page 320
CHAPTER TEST......Page 321
18: OLFACTION AND TASTE\n......Page 325
OLFACTORY SYSTEM......Page 326
TASTE......Page 329
CLINICAL CASE......Page 333
CHAPTER TEST......Page 334
SECTION V: Motor Systems\n......Page 337
19: THE UPPER MOTOR NEURONS\n......Page 339
THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT......Page 341
THE CORTICOBULBAR TRACTS......Page 347
DESCENDING MOTOR SYSTEMS FROM THE BRAINSTEM......Page 349
THE UPPER MOTOR NEURON SYNDROME......Page 350
CHAPTER TEST......Page 352
20: THE BASAL GANGLIA\n......Page 357
AFFERENT SOURCES OF THE BASAL GANGLIA......Page 358
INTERNAL CONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA......Page 360
OUTPUT OF THE BASAL GANGLIA......Page 361
FUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA......Page 362
DISEASES OF THE BASAL GANGLIA......Page 365
CLINICAL CASE......Page 368
CHAPTER TEST......Page 369
21: THE CEREBELLUM\n......Page 371
GROSS ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBELLUM......Page 372
AFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM......Page 374
THE ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX......Page 379
CEREBELLAR CORTEX......Page 381
EFFERENT PROJECTIONS OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX: THE FEEDBACK CIRCUITRY......Page 383
CEREBELLAR DISORDERS......Page 387
CLINICAL CASE......Page 388
CHAPTER TEST......Page 389
SECTION VI: Integrative Systems......Page 393
22: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM\n......Page 395
DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 396
AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF SOME SELECTED ORGANS......Page 401
MAJOR RECEPTORS INVOLVED IN THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 411
BRAINSTEM AREAS REGULATING CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION......Page 413
BRAINSTEM AREAS REGULATING RESPIRATORY FUNCTION......Page 415
SELECTED DISORDERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 416
CLINICAL CASE......Page 418
CHAPTER TEST......Page 419
23: THE RETICULAR FORMATION\n......Page 421
ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION......Page 422
SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS......Page 433
CHAPTER TEST......Page 436
24: THE HYPOTHALAMUS\n......Page 441
HYPOTHALAMIC ANATOMY......Page 442
NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMIC PEPTIDES......Page 448
OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 449
DYSFUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 454
CHAPTER TEST......Page 455
25: THE LIMBIC SYSTEM\n......Page 459
HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION......Page 460
SEPTAL AREA......Page 465
RELATED BASAL FOREBRAIN NUCLEI......Page 468
AMYGDALA......Page 469
LIMBIC COMPONENTS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 471
PATHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY WITHIN LIMBIC  CIRCUITS......Page 472
CLINICAL CASE......Page 475
CHAPTER TEST......Page 476
26: THE THALAMUS AND CEREBRAL CORTEX\n......Page 479
ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAY MATTER OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 480
AFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 484
LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION WITHIN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 490
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX: CEREBRAL DOMINANCE, CORTICAL EXCITABILITY, AND LEARNING AND MEMORY......Page 499
CLINICAL CASE......Page 502
CHAPTER TEST......Page 503
27: VASCULAR SYNDROMES\n......Page 507
NEUROIMAGING......Page 508
VASCULAR SYNDROMES......Page 512
CLINICAL CASE......Page 518
CHAPTER TEST......Page 519
28: BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS\n......Page 523
SCHIZOPHRENIA......Page 524
DEPRESSION AND OTHER MOOD DISORDERS......Page 526
ANXIETY DISORDERS AND DRUG TREATMENTS......Page 529
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND BRAIN FUNCTION......Page 531
CLINICAL CASE......Page 533
CHAPTER TEST......Page 534
Glossary\n......Page 537
Index\n......Page 579