Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century, 10th Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 6
Dedication Page......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 8
To the Instructor......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 17
Reviewers......Page 18
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 20
To the Student......Page 38
CONTENTS......Page 21
CHAPTER 1: Adjusting to Modern Life......Page 40
THE PARADOX OF PROGRESS......Page 41
Living in Today’s World Hard Times: Adjustment in an Era
of Economic Distress......Page 43
THE SEARCH FOR DIRECTION......Page 44
Self-Help Books......Page 46
The Approach of This Textbook......Page 48
What Is Psychology?......Page 50
THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR......Page 51
Experimental Research: Looking for Causes......Page 52
Correlational Research: Looking for Links......Page 54
What Isn’t Very Important?......Page 58
What Is Somewhat Important?......Page 60
What Is Very Important?......Page 61
Conclusions......Page 62
Recommended Reading: Stumbling on Happiness by Dan Gilbert......Page 63
Developing Sound Study Habits......Page 64
Improving Your Reading......Page 65
Getting More out of Lectures......Page 66
Applying Memory Principles......Page 67
REVIEW......Page 70
PRACTICE TEST......Page 71
CHAPTER 2: Theories of Personality......Page 72
The Five-Factor Model of Personality......Page 73
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 75
Jung’s Analytical Psychology......Page 81
Adler’s Individual Psychology......Page 82
BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 83
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning......Page 84
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning......Page 86
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory......Page 88
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives......Page 89
Recommended Reading Snoop: What Your Stuff Says About You
by Sam Gosling......Page 90
Rogers’s Person-Centered Theory......Page 91
Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization......Page 92
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives......Page 94
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 95
Recent Research in Behavioral Genetics......Page 96
Evaluating Biological Perspectives......Page 98
Sensation Seeking: Life in the Fast Lane......Page 99
Living in Today’s World: Is There a Rising Epidemic of Narcissism?......Page 100
Terror Management Theory......Page 101
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY......Page 102
Key Concepts in Psychological Testing......Page 104
Self-Report Inventories......Page 105
Projective Tests......Page 106
Personality Testing on the Internet......Page 107
REVIEW......Page 108
PRACTICE TEST......Page 109
CHAPTER 3: Stress and Its Effects......Page 110
Stress Is an Everyday Event......Page 111
Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder......Page 112
Stress May Be Embedded in the Environment......Page 113
Stress Is Influenced by Culture......Page 114
Internal Conflict......Page 115
Change......Page 116
Pressure......Page 118
Emotional Responses......Page 120
Physiological Responses......Page 123
THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STRESS......Page 127
Burnout......Page 128
Psychological Problems and Disorders......Page 129
Physical Illness......Page 131
Positive Effects......Page 132
Social Support......Page 134
Hardiness......Page 135
Optimism......Page 136
APPLICATION: REDUCING STRESS THROUGH SELF-CONTROL......Page 137
Gathering Baseline Data......Page 138
Designing Your Program......Page 139
Ending Your Program......Page 141
REVIEW......Page 142
PRACTICE TEST......Page 143
CHAPTER 4: Coping Processes......Page 144
THE CONCEPT OF COPING......Page 145
Giving Up......Page 146
Acting Aggressively......Page 147
Indulging Yourself......Page 148
Using Defensive Coping......Page 151
THE NATURE OF CONSTRUCTIVE COPING......Page 154
Ellis’s Rational Thinking......Page 155
Humor as a Stress Reducer......Page 157
Positive Reinterpretation......Page 159
Using Systematic Problem Solving......Page 160
Using Time More Effectively......Page 161
Expressing Emotions......Page 166
Recommended Reading: Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman......Page 167
Managing Hostility and Forgiving Others......Page 168
Using Meditation and Relaxation......Page 169
Attitudes About Death......Page 171
Bereavement and Grieving......Page 172
Coping with Various Types of Loss......Page 174
REVIEW......Page 176
PRACTICE TEST......Page 177
CHAPTER 5: Psychology and Physical Health......Page 178
STRESS, PERSONALITY, AND ILLNESS......Page 180
Personality, Emotions, and Heart Disease......Page 181
Stress and Cancer......Page 184
Living in Today’s World: Coping with Traumatic Events......Page 185
Stress and Immune Functioning......Page 186
Conclusions......Page 187
HABITS, LIFESTYLES, AND HEALTH......Page 188
Smoking......Page 189
Drinking......Page 191
Overeating......Page 194
Recommended Reading Mindless Eating by Brian Wansink......Page 197
Lack of Exercise......Page 200
Behavior and AIDS......Page 202
The Decision to Seek Treatment......Page 204
Communicating with Health Providers......Page 205
Adherence to Medical Advice......Page 206
APPLICATION: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS......Page 207
Drug-Related Concepts......Page 208
Narcotics......Page 209
Stimulants......Page 210
Marijuana......Page 211
Ecstasy (MDMA)......Page 212
REVIEW......Page 214
PRACTICE TEST......Page 215
CHAPTER 6: The Self......Page 216
The Nature of the Self-Concept......Page 217
Self-Discrepancies......Page 218
Factors Shaping the Self-Concept......Page 220
SELF-ESTEEM......Page 224
The Importance of Self-Esteem......Page 226
The Development of Self-Esteem......Page 227
Living in Today’s World Affective Forecasting–
Predicting How You Will Feel in the¨Future......Page 228
Ethnicity, Gender, and Self-Esteem......Page 229
Cognitive Processes......Page 230
Self-Attributions......Page 231
Explanatory Style......Page 232
Motives Guiding Self-Understanding......Page 233
Methods of Self-Enhancement......Page 234
Recommended Reading: The Positive Power of Negative Thinking by Julie Norem......Page 236
SELF-REGULATION......Page 237
Self-Efficacy......Page 238
Self-Defeating Behavior......Page 239
SELF-PRESENTATION......Page 240
Impression Management......Page 241
APPLICATION: Building Self-Esteem......Page 243
REVIEW......Page 246
PRACTICE......Page 247
CHAPTER 7: Social Thinking and Social Influence......Page 248
Key Sources of Information......Page 249
Snap Judgments Versus Systematic Judgments......Page 250
Perceiver Expectations......Page 251
Cognitive Distortions......Page 253
Key Themes in Person Perception......Page 257
THE PROBLEM OF PREJUDICE......Page 258
“Old-Fashioned” Versus Modern Discrimination......Page 259
Causes of Prejudice......Page 260
Living in Today’s World Understanding
Stereotype Threat......Page 262
Reducing Prejudice......Page 264
THE POWER OF PERSUASION......Page 265
Elements of the Persuasion Process......Page 266
The Whys of Persuasion......Page 268
Recommended Reading Infl uence: Science and Practice
by Robert B. Cialdini......Page 269
Conformity and Compliance Pressures......Page 270
Pressure from Authority Figures......Page 272
The Consistency Principle......Page 275
The Reciprocity Principle......Page 276
The Scarcity Principle......Page 277
REVIEW......Page 278
PRACTICE TEST......Page 279
CHAPTER 8: Interpersonal Communication......Page 280
Components and Features of the Communication Process......Page 281
Recommended Reading: Multicultural Manners by Norine Dresser......Page 282
Technology and Interpersonal Communication......Page 283
Communication and Adjustment......Page 284
General Principles......Page 285
Elements of Nonverbal Communication......Page 286
Detecting Deception......Page 292
The Significance of Nonverbal Communication......Page 294
Conversational Skills......Page 295
Self-Disclosure......Page 296
Effective Listening......Page 298
Communication Apprehension......Page 300
Barriers to Effective Communication......Page 301
Beliefs About Conflict......Page 302
Styles of Managing Conflict......Page 303
Dealing Constructively with Conflict......Page 304
APPLICATION: DEVELOPING AN ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION
STYLE......Page 305
The Nature of Assertiveness......Page 306
Steps in Assertiveness Training......Page 307
REVIEW......Page 310
PRACTICE TEST......Page 311
CHAPTER 9: Friendship and Love......Page 312
INITIAL ATTRACTION AND RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT......Page 313
Initial Encounters......Page 314
Getting Acquainted......Page 319
Established Relationships......Page 320
What Makes a Good Friend?......Page 322
Conflict in Friendships......Page 323
Sexual Orientation and Love......Page 324
Theories of Love......Page 325
The Course of Romantic Love......Page 329
Culture and Close Relationships......Page 332
The Internet and Close Relationships......Page 333
Living in Today’s World: Developing Close Relationships Online......Page 334
The Nature and Prevalence of Loneliness......Page 336
The Roots of Loneliness......Page 337
Correlates of Loneliness......Page 338
Conquering Loneliness......Page 339
REVIEW......Page 342
PRACTICE TEST......Page 343
CHAPTER 10: Marriage and Intimate Relationships......Page 344
CHALLENGES TO THE TRADITIONAL MODEL OF MARRIAGE......Page 345
DECIDING TO MARRY......Page 346
Selecting a Mate......Page 347
Predictors of Marital Success......Page 348
Joining Together: The Newly Married Couple......Page 350
Family with Young Children......Page 352
Launching Children into the Adult World......Page 353
Gaps in Role Expectations......Page 354
Work and Career Issues......Page 356
Financial Difficulties......Page 357
Inadequate Communication......Page 358
DIVORCE......Page 360
Deciding on a Divorce......Page 361
Effects of Divorce on Children......Page 362
Living in Today’s World Should the Government Promote Marriage?......Page 364
Remarriage and Stepfamilies......Page 365
Gay Couples......Page 366
Remaining Single......Page 369
Cohabitation......Page 370
Partner Abuse......Page 371
Date Rape......Page 373
REVIEW......Page 376
PRACTICE TEST......Page 377
CHAPTER 11: Gender and Behavior......Page 378
GENDER STEREOTYPES......Page 379
Cognitive Abilities......Page 381
Personality Traits and Social Behavior......Page 383
Psychological Disorders......Page 384
Putting Gender Differences in Perspective......Page 385
Brain Organization......Page 386
Hormonal Influences......Page 387
ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGINS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES......Page 388
Processes in Gender-Role Socialization......Page 389
Sources of Gender-Role Socialization......Page 390
Role Expectations for Males......Page 393
Problems with the Male Role......Page 394
Role Expectations for Females......Page 396
Problems with the Female Role......Page 397
Living in Today’s World: Gender Stereotypes and “Appearance
Pressure”......Page 398
Recommended Reading: The Mismeasure of Woman
by Carol Tavris......Page 399
Why Are Gender Roles Changing?......Page 402
Alternatives to Traditional Gender Roles......Page 403
Speaking Styles......Page 405
REVIEW......Page 408
PRACTICE TEST......Page 409
CHAPTER 12: Development and Expression of Sexuality......Page 410
Key Aspects of Sexual Identity......Page 411
Physiological Influences......Page 412
Psychosocial Influences......Page 413
Living in Today’s World Sex and the Internet......Page 417
Gender Differences in Sexual Socialization......Page 418
Sexual Orientation......Page 419
Motives for Engaging in Sex......Page 422
Communicating About Sex......Page 423
The Sexual Response Cycle......Page 424
Gender Differences in Patterns of Orgasm......Page 426
Kissing and Touching......Page 427
Oral and Anal Sex......Page 428
Sexuality Today......Page 429
Sex Outside of Committed Relationships......Page 430
Sex in Committed Relationships......Page 431
Infidelity in Committed Relationships......Page 432
Contraception......Page 433
Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 436
General Suggestions......Page 439
Understanding Sexual Dysfunction......Page 440
Coping with Specifi c Problems......Page 442
REVIEW......Page 444
PRACTICE TEST......Page 445
CHAPTER 13: Careers and Work......Page 446
CHOOSING A CAREER......Page 447
Researching Job Characteristics......Page 448
Using Psychological Tests for Career Decisions......Page 450
Holland’s Person-Environment Fit Model......Page 451
Super’s Developmental Model......Page 453
Women’s Career Development......Page 454
Workplace Trends......Page 455
Education and Earnings......Page 457
The Changing Workforce......Page 458
Job Stress......Page 461
Sexual Harassment......Page 464
Unemployment......Page 466
Living in Today’s World: Coping with
Unemployment......Page 468
Work and Family Roles......Page 469
Leisure and Recreation......Page 471
Putting Together a Résumé......Page 473
Recommended Reading What Color Is Your Parachute?
by Richard Nelson Bolles......Page 475
Polishing Your Interview Technique......Page 476
REVIEW......Page 478
PRACTICE TEST......Page 479
CHAPTER 14: Psychological Disorders......Page 480
The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behavior......Page 481
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior......Page 482
Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders......Page 483
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders......Page 485
ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 486
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia......Page 487
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 488
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders......Page 489
Conversion Disorder......Page 491
Etiology of Somatoform Disorders......Page 492
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue......Page 493
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders......Page 494
MOOD DISORDERS......Page 495
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 496
Bipolar Disorder......Page 497
Etiology of Mood Disorders......Page 498
Living in Today’s World: Understanding and
Preventing Suicide......Page 499
General Symptoms......Page 503
Recommended Reading Surviving Schizophrenia by E.¨Fuller Torrey......Page 504
Course and Outcome......Page 506
Etiology of Schizophrenia......Page 507
Types of Eating Disorders......Page 510
Etiology of Eating Disorders......Page 512
REVIEW......Page 514
PRACTICE TEST......Page 515
CHAPTER 15: Psychotherapy......Page 516
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?......Page 517
Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment?......Page 518
Psychoanalysis......Page 521
Client-Centered Therapy......Page 523
Group Therapy......Page 525
Evaluating Insight Therapies......Page 526
Therapy and the Recovered Memories Controversy......Page 528
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES......Page 530
Systematic Desensitization......Page 531
Social Skills Training......Page 532
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments......Page 533
BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES......Page 534
Treatment with Drugs......Page 535
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)......Page 539
Living in Today’s World Exploring New Brain
Stimulation Therapies......Page 541
Grappling with the Constraints of Managed Care......Page 542
Increasing Multicultural Sensitivity in Treatment......Page 543
Is the Therapist’s Profession or Sex Important?......Page 545
Is the Therapist’s Theoretical Approach Important?......Page 546
What Is Therapy Like?......Page 547
REVIEW......Page 548
PRACTICE TEST......Page 549
CHAPTER 16: Positive Psychology......Page 550
Defining Positive Psychology and Its Brief History......Page 551
Reconsidering Older Research in Light of the New Positive Psychology......Page 552
POSITIVE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES......Page 553
Positive Moods......Page 554
Positive Emotions......Page 556
Flow......Page 558
Mindfulness......Page 561
Living in Today’s World Savoring, or Deliberately Making
Pleasures¨Last......Page 563
Hope: Achieving Future Goals......Page 564
Resilience: Reacting Well to Life’s Challenges......Page 565
Spirituality: Seeking a Deeper Meaning......Page 567
Positive Workplaces......Page 569
Positive Schools......Page 570
Recommended Reading The How of Happiness
by Sonya Lyubomirsky......Page 571
Prospects......Page 572
Counting Your Blessings for a Week......Page 573
Sharing a Story Illustrating the Best in You......Page 574
Sharing Good News and Capitalizing with Others......Page 575
REVIEW......Page 576
PRACTICE TEST......Page 577
Psychology and Environmental Sustainability: What’s Good for the Earth Is Good for Us by Britain A. Scott (University of St. Thomas) and Susan M. Koger......Page 578
The Escalating Environmental Crisis......Page 579
The Psychological Foundation of Environmental Problems......Page 582
Insights from Social Psychology......Page 588
Insights from Cognitive Psychology......Page 590
Insights from Developmental Psychology......Page 592
Insights from Health Psychology......Page 594
What You Can Personally Do......Page 596
Glossary......Page 598
References......Page 605
B......Page 665
C......Page 666
D......Page 667
G......Page 668
H......Page 669
K......Page 670
L......Page 671
M......Page 672
P......Page 673
R......Page 674
S......Page 675
V......Page 676
Z......Page 677
A......Page 678
C......Page 679
D......Page 680
F......Page 681
H......Page 682
J......Page 683
N......Page 684
P......Page 685
R......Page 686
S......Page 687
T......Page 688
Z......Page 689
CHAPTER 16: Positive Psychology......Page 692
Self-Reflections......Page 693
References......Page 694
The Scale......Page 695
Interpreting Your Score......Page 696
The Scale......Page 699
Interpreting Your Score......Page 700
The Scale......Page 703
Norms for LES......Page 705
The Scale......Page 707
Interpreting Your Score......Page 708
The Scale......Page 711
Interpreting Your Score......Page 712
What Your Scores Mean:......Page 713
Interpreting Your Score......Page 715
Interpreting Your Score......Page 717
Interpreting Your Score......Page 719
Interpreting Your Score......Page 721
Interpreting Your Score......Page 723
The Scale......Page 725
Interpreting Your Score......Page 726
Interpreting Your Score......Page 729
Interpreting Your Score......Page 731
Interpreting Your Score......Page 733
Interpreting Your Score......Page 735
Interpreting Your Scores......Page 737