Vision Loss in Older Adults: Nursing Assessment and Care Management

Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
CHAPTER 1 Vision Loss in the Older Adult: An Introduction......Page 20
Impact of Vision Loss......Page 22
Ocular and Visual Changes With Aging......Page 23
Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 26
The Role of the Professional Nurse—An Overview......Page 30
CHAPTER 2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 34
AMD......Page 35
Risk Factors......Page 36
Symptoms......Page 37
Diagnosis......Page 38
Medical Management......Page 39
Antioxidant and Zinc Supplements......Page 40
Laser Photocoagulation......Page 41
Procedures Under Investigation......Page 42
Conclusion......Page 44
Pathophysiology and Etiology......Page 48
Signs and Symptoms......Page 49
Minimum Evaluation......Page 50
General Considerations......Page 51
Medical Management......Page 52
Surgical Management......Page 53
Summary......Page 57
CHAPTER 4 Glaucoma......Page 60
Visual Field Defects......Page 61
Open-Angle Glaucoma......Page 62
Signs and Symptoms of Glaucoma......Page 63
Early Detection of Glaucoma......Page 64
Focused Health History in an Older Adult With Glaucoma......Page 65
Eye Examination for the Detection of Glaucoma......Page 69
Referral to an Ophthalmologist......Page 73
Laser Procedures......Page 74
Nurse’s Role in Treatment......Page 79
Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 84
Hypertensive Retinopathy......Page 85
Anatomy......Page 86
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 87
Assessing for Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 88
Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 90
Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Retinopathy......Page 94
Assessing for Hypertensive Retinopathy......Page 95
Management of Retinopathies......Page 96
Diabetes Management......Page 97
Hypertension Management......Page 99
Panretinal Photocoagulation, Focal Photocoagulation, Vitrectomy......Page 101
Conclusion......Page 104
Prevention of Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 108
Prevention of Cataracts......Page 109
Antioxidants......Page 110
Prevention of Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 112
Antioxidants......Page 113
Cigarette Smoking......Page 114
Fats, Cholesterol, and Fish Intake......Page 115
Prevention of Glaucoma......Page 116
Conclusion......Page 117
CHAPTER 7 Psychological and Social Impact of Age-Related Vision Loss......Page 128
Psychological Impact......Page 129
Experience of Vision Loss......Page 134
Social Impact of Age-Related Vision Loss......Page 142
Successful Aging and Quality of Life With Vision Loss......Page 145
CHAPTER 8 Nursing Care of Older Adults With Age-Related Vision Loss......Page 150
Assessment of Visual Acuity......Page 151
Assessment of Contrast Sensitivity......Page 153
Nagi Disablement Process Model......Page 154
The Sensory Enhancement Model......Page 156
Individualized Sensory Enhancement for the Elderly (I-SEE)......Page 157
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma......Page 159
Home Care......Page 160
Long-Term Care......Page 161
Meet Ms. V.......Page 162
Dual Sensory Impairment......Page 163
Preventing Disability and Dire Outcomes of Low Vision in Older Adults......Page 164
CHAPTER 9 Supporting Families of Older Adults With Age-Related Vision Loss......Page 168
How Impaired Vision Affects Daily Life......Page 169
Emotions and Vision Loss......Page 170
The Scope of the Problem......Page 171
Intervention Planning......Page 172
Finances......Page 173
Cooking......Page 174
Identifying the Caregiver......Page 175
The Invisible Caregivers: Children......Page 176
Multiple Roles......Page 177
Positive Aspects of Caregiving......Page 178
Informal Help......Page 179
Occupational Therapy......Page 181
Summary......Page 182
CHAPTER 10 Assistive Devices and Resources for Older Adults With Age-Related Vision Loss......Page 184
The Referral Process......Page 185
The Rehabilitation Team......Page 187
The Low-Vision Assessment and Plan......Page 188
Canes and Guide Dogs......Page 189
Optical Aids......Page 190
Nonoptical Aids......Page 192
The Nurse’s Role in Education and Support......Page 193
Resources......Page 195
Recent Developments in Treatment......Page 208
Therapeutic Options for the Future......Page 209
Nursing Implications......Page 210
Cataracts......Page 211
Nursing Implications......Page 212
Recent Developments in Treatment......Page 213
Therapeutic Options for the Future......Page 214
Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 215
Nursing Implications......Page 216
Summary......Page 217
Index......Page 222
A......Page 224
C......Page 225
E......Page 226
H......Page 227
M......Page 228
P......Page 229
U......Page 230
W......Page 231
Z......Page 232