SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 2 Volume Set (Second Edition)

TITLETOC......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Section Coordinators......Page 4
Authors......Page 5
Acknowledgment......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 0
C1_0......Page 11
1.0 Introduction......Page 12
1.1.1 A Chronology of Events......Page 14
1.1.2 The Miner’s Contribution to Society......Page 28
1.2.1 Preliminary Topics......Page 33
1.2.2 Stages of Mining......Page 35
1.2.3 Unit Operations of Mining......Page 37
1.2.4 Surface Mining......Page 40
1.2.5 Underground Mining......Page 41
1.2.6 Supplemental Topics......Page 44
1.3.3 Basic Requirements for the Bachelor’s Degree......Page 48
1.3.5 Problems of Mineral Engineering Education......Page 49
1.3.6 Future of Mineral Engineering Education......Page 50
1.3.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 51
2.0 Introduction......Page 52
2.1.1 Mineral Demand......Page 56
2.1.2 Metal Supply......Page 60
2.1.3 Applications......Page 69
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 72
2.2.2 Commodity Discussion......Page 74
2.2.3 US Import Dependence......Page 86
2.2.4 Intergovernmental Mineral Commodity Organization......Page 88
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 90
2.3.2 How Are Mineral Prices Determined?......Page 91
2.3.3 Efforts to Stabilize Prices......Page 94
2.3.5 Trading in Minerals......Page 96
2.4.2 Federal Income Taxation......Page 98
2.4.3 State Taxes......Page 101
2.5.3 Calculation Methods......Page 105
2.5.4 Cost of Capital......Page 106
2.5.6 Project Failures......Page 108
2.5.8 Project Check List......Page 109
2.6.2 Brief History of the Stockpile......Page 111
2.6.3 The Stock Piling Act......Page 117
2.6.4 Functions and Organization of the Defense National Stockpile Program......Page 118
2.6.5 Future of the Stockpile......Page 119
Appendix A......Page 120
Appendix B......Page 124
2.7.3 Transportation—Domestic US......Page 126
2.7.6 Contracts......Page 127
2.7.9 Role of Trading Companies......Page 128
2.7.10 Information Sources......Page 129
3.0 Introduction......Page 131
3.1.2 Structure of Government......Page 133
3.1.3 Creation and Implementation of Policy......Page 137
3.1.4 Specific Areas of Government Involvement......Page 140
3.1.5 In Conclusion: Government and the Engineer......Page 145
3.2.1 Preliminary Land-status Check......Page 148
3.2.2 Federal Lands......Page 149
3.2.3 State Lands......Page 163
3.2.4 Private Lands......Page 164
3.3.2 Background of Health and Safety Developments......Page 170
3.3.3 Health and Safety Organizations/Agencies......Page 176
3.3.5 Aspects of Health and Safety Standards......Page 177
3.3.7 First-aid and Mine-rescue Standards......Page 180
3.3.8 Conclusion......Page 181
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 182
3.4.2 Major Federal Environmental Laws & Regulations......Page 183
3.4.3 Major Federal Environmental Laws & Regulations (cont.)......Page 191
3.4.4 State and Local Government Environmental Requirements......Page 205
C4_0......Page 210
4.0 Introduction......Page 211
4.0.1 Definitions......Page 212
4.0.2 Analysis of Significant Mineral Discoveries: 1950 to 1990......Page 214
4.0.3 Forecast......Page 215
4.1.4 Tactics......Page 216
4.2.2 Overview of Ore Genesis......Page 218
4.2.3 Some Classification Schemes of the Early to Mid-20th Century......Page 219
4.2.4 Significant Advances in Knowledge of the Last Half of the 20th Century......Page 220
4.2.5 A Classification Based Upon Environment and Process......Page 221
4.2.7 Industrial Minerals and Rocks......Page 223
4.3.2 Geology in the Exploration Sequence......Page 227
4.3.3 Exploration Models......Page 228
4.3.4 Methods of Geologic Exploration......Page 230
4.3.5 Exploration Program Design......Page 237
4.4.2 Regional Geophysics......Page 239
4.4.3 Detailed Geophysical Surveying......Page 242
4.4.4 Cost of Geophysical Work......Page 247
4.5.1 Geochemical Surveys......Page 249
4.5.2 Other Prospecting Techniques......Page 264
4.6.2 Role of the Corporation......Page 276
4.6.3 Role of the Exploration Department......Page 278
4.6.4 Exploring in Foreign Countries......Page 280
4.6.5 Negotiations......Page 282
4.6.6 Summary of Exploration Success......Page 284
5.0 Introduction......Page 286
5.1.1 Responsibilities: Geologists......Page 288
5.1.3 Impact of Geology on Mine Operations......Page 289
5.1.4 Objectives in Mining Geology......Page 290
5.2.4 Symbols......Page 293
5.2.5 Abbreviations......Page 296
5.2.6 Core and Cutting Logging......Page 300
5.2.7 Geophysical Logging......Page 310
5.2.8 Geologic Mapping......Page 311
5.3.1 Drilling Methods and Equipment......Page 319
5.3.2 Drilling Parameters......Page 325
5.3.3 Bulk Sampling......Page 327
5.3.4 Grade Control......Page 329
5.3.5 Other Sampling Methods......Page 330
5.4.1 Sample Preparation......Page 332
5.4.2 Assay Methods......Page 334
5.4.3 Coal Preparation and Analysis......Page 335
5.4.4 Quality Control......Page 336
5.5.1 Geologic Modeling: General......Page 338
5.5.2 Geologic Modeling: Methodology......Page 339
5.5.3 Geologic Modeling: Purpose......Page 340
5.5.4 Geologic Data: Representation......Page 346
5.6.2 Data Collection and Geologic Interpretation......Page 349
5.6.4 Compositing......Page 350
5.6.6 Grade Distribution......Page 352
5.6.7 Variogram Modeling......Page 353
5.6.8 Resource Estimation (Modeling)......Page 357
5.7.2 Hydrologic Support......Page 365
5.7.6 Environmental Support......Page 366
5.8.1 Development Geology of the Copper Flat Porphyry Copper Deposit......Page 368
5.8.2 North Generator Hill Gold Deposit, Jerritt Canyon District, Nevada......Page 371
5.8.3 Exploration and Development Geology of the Twentymile Park Underground Coal Deposits, Northwest Colorado......Page 382
6.0 Introduction......Page 391
6.1.1 Approaches to Mine Valuation......Page 394
6.1.2 Purpose of Mine Valuation Studies......Page 395
C6_2......Page 397
6.2.1 Data Requirements......Page 398
6.2.2 Cash Flow Analysis......Page 400
6.2.3 Time Value of Money......Page 401
6.2.4 Selecting a Discount Rate......Page 403
6.2.5 An Iterative Process......Page 407
6.3.2 Assessment of Mining Conditions Affecting Costs......Page 409
6.3.3 Cost Guides for Capital Costs of Mining Projects......Page 417
6.3.4 Cost Guides for Operating Costs of Mines and Mills......Page 425
6.3.5 Conclusion......Page 428
6.4.2 Project Alternatives......Page 429
6.4.3 Contract Mining Bidding Process......Page 432
6.4.4 Monitoring the Contract Miner......Page 441
6.4.5 Mine Leasing Process......Page 442
6.4.6 Joint Venture Process......Page 445
6.4.7 Evaluation of Alternatives......Page 450
6.4.8 Corporate Philosophy......Page 454
6.5.3 Investment Criteria......Page 456
6.5.4 Evaluating Alternatives......Page 463
6.5.5 Handling Risk......Page 466
6.5.6 Example Evaluation......Page 468
6.6.1 Financial Objectives of a Mining Company......Page 474
6.6.2 Exploration Funding......Page 477
6.6.3 Mine Development Funding......Page 479
6.6.4 Operating Mine Financing......Page 482
6.6.6 Information Requirements......Page 483
7.0 General Principles......Page 486
7.1.2 Land Ownership in the United States......Page 488
7.1.3 Forms of Land Control Agreements......Page 489
7.1.4 Acquisition Planning......Page 491
7.1.5 Land Acquisition Contractors......Page 493
7.1.6 Case Study......Page 494
7.2.1 Plant Site Selection......Page 498
7.2.2 Plant Construction......Page 501
7.3.1 Introduction......Page 505
7.3.2 Scoping the Regulatory Requirements......Page 506
7.3.3 Permitting Process......Page 508
7.3.4 Overview of Specific Permitting and Regulatory Programs......Page 512
7.3.5 Environmental Audit......Page 516
7.4.2 Hydrology......Page 523
7.4.3 Embankment Design......Page 527
7.4.4 Construction......Page 528
7.4.5 Inspection......Page 530
8.0 Introduction......Page 532
8.1.2 Background......Page 534
8.1.3 Classifying Surface Mining Methods......Page 535
8.1.4 Classifying Underground Mining Methods8.1.4 Classifying Underground Mining Methods......Page 536
8.1.6 Conclusions......Page 538
8.2.1 Underground and Surface Mine Surveying......Page 541
8.2.2 Aerial Mapping......Page 553
Appendix A. Contract Specifications for Aerial Surveying......Page 560
8.3.2 Data Collection......Page 566
8.3.3 Analytical Techniques......Page 569
8.3.4 Stochastic Models......Page 578
8.3.5 Pit Limit Optimization......Page 582
8.3.6 Linear Programming......Page 584
8.3.7 Mixed Integer Linear Programming......Page 588
8.3.8 CPM/PERT......Page 589
8.3.9 Dynamic Programming......Page 591
8.3.11 Artificial Intelligence......Page 592
8.3.12 Example of a Stochastic Model......Page 593
8.4.1 Introduction......Page 601
8.4.2 Resource Modeling......Page 602
8.4.3 Data Input......Page 604
8.4.4 Data Retrieval......Page 605
8.4.5 Modeling and Reserve Estimation......Page 606
8.4.6 Mapping and Reserve Calculation......Page 612
8.4.7 Mine Planning......Page 615
8.4.8 Mine Operations......Page 623
8.4.9 Hardware and Software Selection......Page 625
8.5.1 Management’s Labor Relations Responsibilities in Labor Negotiations......Page 630
8.5.2 Progressive Discipline: Discharge Responsibilities......Page 633
8.5.3 Mine Management Guidelines for Handling Work Stoppages......Page 634
8.5.4 Handling a Wildcat Strike......Page 636
8.5.5 Training and Developing Human Resources......Page 637
8.6.2 Legal Form......Page 644
8.6.3 Planning......Page 646
8.6.4 Organizational Structure......Page 648
8.6.5 Functions......Page 652
8.6.6 Top Management......Page 654
8.6.7 Implementing......Page 655
8.6.8 Controlling......Page 657
8.6.10 Management Philosophy......Page 660
8.7.2 Mine Closure Practices......Page 662
8.7.3 Sealing of Underground Openings......Page 668
8.7.4 Abandonment......Page 672
C9_0......Page 678
9.0 Basic
Tasks in the Production Cycle......Page 679
9.1.1 Introduction......Page 682
9.1.2 Rock:Bit Interactions......Page 683
9.1.3 Drilling......Page 698
9.1.4 Excavation Machines......Page 709
9.1.5 Limitations on the Use of Mechanical Cutting Tools......Page 715
9.2.1 Blast Design......Page 724
9.2.2 Monitoring and Control of Blast Effects......Page 748
9.3.2 Equipment Classification......Page 763
9.3.3 Equipment Selection Process......Page 764
9.3.4 Loading and Haulage Production Calculations......Page 766
9.4.2 General Concepts and Terminology......Page 785
9.4.3 Simulation of Mine Production Systems......Page 788
9.4.4 Fleet Dynamics and Dispatch......Page 803
9.4.5 Stochastic Process Models of Mine Production Systems......Page 804
10.0 Introduction......Page 808
10.1.2 Soil and Rock Properties......Page 810
10.1.3 Mechanics of Behavior......Page 819
10.1.4 Limiting Equilibrium......Page 820
10.1.5 Settlement of Foundations......Page 825
10.1.6 Tunneling......Page 826
10.2.1 Physical Laws......Page 830
10.2.2 Kinematics......Page 832
10.2.3 Material Laws......Page 834
10.2.4 Solution Approaches......Page 843
10.3.1 Introduction......Page 849
10.3.2 Instrumentation for Surface Mining Applications......Page 850
10.3.3 Instrumentation for Underground Mining Applications......Page 860
C10_3B......Page 864
10.3.4 Summary......Page 874
10.4.1 Introduction......Page 882
10.4.2 Instability Models......Page 883
10.4.3 Stresses in a Slope......Page 884
10.4.4 Data Collection......Page 885
10.4.5 Design......Page 888
10.4.6 Slope Management......Page 894
10.5.2 Design Principles for Ground Control in Underground Mining......Page 898
10.5.3 Geologic Site Characterization and Engineering Classifications of Rock Masses......Page 899
10.5.4 Rock Mass Properties and In Situ Stresses......Page 913
10.5.5 Design of Rock Bolting Reinforcement......Page 914
10.5.6 Determination of Pillar Strength......Page 924
10.5.8 Ground Control in Longwall Mining......Page 929
10.6.2 Principles of Subsidence......Page 939
10.6.3 Subsidence Profile......Page 944
10.6.4 Subsidence-induced Damage......Page 954
10.6.5 Control and Prevention of Damage......Page 965
10.7.1 Geomechanics as a Tool......Page 973
10.7.2 Preserving Rock Integrity......Page 975
10.7.3 State of Stress In Situ......Page 979
10.7.4 Soil/Rock Interactions......Page 980
10.7.5 Special Topics......Page 981
Sec 11 Contents......Page 990
11.0.3 Role of Government......Page 991
11.0.4 Accident Statistics......Page 992
11.0.5 Section Outline......Page 994
11.1.3 Hazard Control Requirements......Page 996
11.1.4 Hazard Control Approaches......Page 998
11.1.5 Role of Management......Page 1002
11.10.2 Computer Applications in Ventilation Planning......Page 1005
11.10.3 Computer Applications to Flow Problems in Mine Ventilation......Page 1011
11.10.4 Computer-aided Monitoring and Control System......Page 1015
11.10.5 Expert Systems in Mine Ventilation......Page 1016
11.2.1 Methane Control......Page 1020
11.2.2 Dust Control in Room and Pillar Coal Mining......Page 1022
11.2.3 Dust Control in Longwall Coal Control......Page 1025
11.2.5 Underground Metal Mine Dust Control......Page 1029
11.2.7 Surface Mine Dust Control......Page 1031
11.2.8 Minerals Processing Dust Control......Page 1033
11.3.2 Technical Control......Page 1037
11.3.3 Monitoring......Page 1041
11.3.6 Coordinating Production and Radiation Control......Page 1042
11.4.2 Psychrometry......Page 1044
11.4.3 Heat in Mining and the Need for Cooling......Page 1047
11.4.4 Case Studies......Page 1052
11.4.5 Heating of Mine Air......Page 1053
11.5.2 Background......Page 1056
11.5.3 Control of Exhaust Emissions......Page 1059
11.6.2 Density of Mine Air......Page 1068
11.6.3 Airflow Fundamentals......Page 1071
11.6.4 Control Devices......Page 1076
11.6.6 Airflow In Mines......Page 1078
11.6.7 Mine Heads......Page 1082
11.6.8 Mine Fans......Page 1083
11.6.9 Natural Ventilation......Page 1096
11.6.10 Ventilation Surveys......Page 1102
11.7.1 Metal Mine Ventilation......Page 1109
11.7.2 Coal Mine Ventilation......Page 1122
11.8.3 Noise Instrumentation/Survey Procedures......Page 1138
11.8.4 Basic Noise Abatement......Page 1140
11.8.5 Examples of Noise Control......Page 1141
11.8.6 Personal Protective Devices (Hearing Protection)......Page 1142
11.9.2 Light Physics......Page 1143
11.9.3 Light Measuring Techniques and Instrumentation......Page 1147
11.9.4 Physiological Requirements for Human Vision......Page 1149
11.9.6 Underground Coal Mine Illumination......Page 1150
11.9.8 Example of Use of Lighting Equations and Relationships......Page 1152
Sec 12 Contents......Page 1155
12.0 Introduction......Page 1156
12.1.2 Types of Controls......Page 1158
12.1.3 Hydrology......Page 1159
12.1.4 Sedimentology......Page 1160
12.1.6 Sediment Separators......Page 1161
12.1.7 Diversions......Page 1162
12.1.8 Culverts......Page 1163
12.1.9 Pumps......Page 1164
12.2.2 Composition of Wastes......Page 1170
12.2.3 Waste Structures and Disposal Methods......Page 1171
12.2.4 Waste Transport Systems......Page 1174
12.2.5 Contaminant Control......Page 1175
12.2.6 Conclusions......Page 1177
12.3.1 Introduction......Page 1181
12.3.2 Reclamation Planning......Page 1182
12.3.3 Surface Mine Reclamation Operations......Page 1184
12.3.4 Reclamation of Mine Waste Disposal Sites......Page 1189
12.3.5 Specialized Reclamation Problems......Page 1191
12.4.1 Introduction......Page 1198
12.4.3 Power Distribution Equipment......Page 1200
12.4.4 Power Supply......Page 1205
12.4.5 Power Distribution Arrangements......Page 1206
12.4.6 Special Concerns......Page 1211
12.5.2 Design Conditions......Page 1215
12.5.3 Machine Requirements......Page 1216
12.5.4 Quantity Adjustment......Page 1218
12.5.5 Equivalent Lengths......Page 1220
12.5.6 Machine Allocation......Page 1221
12.5.7 Balancing Flows at Radial Nodes......Page 1222
12.5.8 Pressure Losses......Page 1223
12.5.9 Combining Network Flows and Losses......Page 1225
12.5.10 Compressor Horsepower......Page 1231
12.5.11 Optimal Pipe Diameters and System Costs......Page 1232
12.6.1 Introduction......Page 1237
12.6.2 Generalized Monitoring System......Page 1238
12.6.3 Representative Applications......Page 1244
12.6.4 Voice Communications......Page 1249
12.6.5 Summary......Page 1251
C13_0......Page 1252
13.0 Introduction......Page 1253
13.1.1 Basic Concepts......Page 1254
13.1.2 Open Pit Feasibility Studies......Page 1258
13.2.1 Planning Procedure and Reserve Estimation......Page 1278
13.2.2 Stripping and Pit Development......Page 1283
13.2.3 Cast Blasting of Deep Overburden......Page 1287
13.3.2 Loading Shovels......Page 1291
13.3.3 Loading Draglines......Page 1294
13.3.4 Cyclic Stripping Machines......Page 1297
13.3.5 Continuous Excavators......Page 1302
13.3.6 Mobile Equipment......Page 1307
13.3.7 Trends in Excavation......Page 1313
13.4.2 Typical Haul Road Layout......Page 1314
13.4.3 Haul Road Geometry......Page 1315
13.4.5 Haul Road Construction Materials......Page 1319
13.4.6 Conclusions......Page 1322
13.5.2 Transporter Technology......Page 1323
13.5.3 Conveyor Systems......Page 1326
13.5.4 Auxiliary Systems......Page 1327
13.5.5 Selection and Design Guidelines......Page 1328
13.5.6 Economic Considerations......Page 1329
13.6.2 Toward Continuous Materials Handling Systems......Page 1332
13.6.3 Developments and Trends in Truck Haulage......Page 1335
13.6.4 Rock Fragmentation......Page 1336
13.6.5 Auxiliary and Support Developments......Page 1337
13.6.6 Surface Mine Design and Operational Planning......Page 1341
14.0 Introduction......Page 1344
14.1.0 Surface Mining—Deferred Reclamation......Page 1346
14.1.1 Porphyry Copper: Bingham Canyon Mine......Page 1350
14.1.2 Western US Disseminated Gold: Gold Quarry Mine......Page 1355
14.1.3 Low-Grade Iron Ore: Empire Mine......Page 1359
14.1.4 South Texas Uranium: Rhode Ranch Mine......Page 1363
14.1.5 Western Phosphate: Henry Mine......Page 1366
14.1.6 Steeply Dipping Bituminous Coal: Kemmerer Mine......Page 1371
14.1.7 Aggregate: Frederick Quarry......Page 1375
14.2.0 Quarry Mining......Page 1378
14.2.1 Dimension Stone: Friendsville Quarry......Page 1379
14.3.0 Surface Mining—Concurrent Reclamation......Page 1382
14.3.1 Monolithic Overburden, Horizontal Coal Seams: Bridger Mine......Page 1386
14.3.2 Monolithic Overburden, Thick Horizontal Coal Seams: Jacobs Ranch Mine......Page 1389
14.3.3 Variable Interburden, Horizontal Multiple Coal Seams: Colowyo Coal Company......Page 1394
14.3.4 Monolithic Overburden, Inclined Coal Seams: Trapper Mine......Page 1400
C14_3B......Page 1402
14.3.5 Appalachian Contour Mining, Horizontal Coal Seams: Martin County Coal Corporation......Page 1405
14.3.6 Lignite: Big Brown Mine......Page 1410
14.3.7 Athabasca Oilsands: Syncrude Mine......Page 1414
14.3.8 Florida Phosphate: Ft. Green Mine......Page 1421
14.4.0 Continuous Surface Mining With Augers......Page 1426
14.4.1 Surface Continuous Mining, Horizontal Coal Seams: Winifrede Mine......Page 1428
15.2.2 Ore Lixiviant Systems......Page 1432
15.2.3 Materials Handling......Page 1437
15.2.4 Solution Management......Page 1439
15.2.5 Commodity Recovery Systems......Page 1443
15.2.7 Case Histories......Page 1444
15.3.1 In Situ Mining of Soluble Salts......Page 1451
15.3.2 Frasch Sulfur Mining......Page 1470
15.3.3 In Situ Mining of Hard-Rock Ores......Page 1473
16.0 Introduction......Page 1487
C16_1......Page 1488
C16_2......Page 1491
C16_3......Page 1496
C17_0......Page 1499
17.0 Introduction......Page 1500
17.1.2 Baseline Assessment......Page 1501
17.1.4 Premine Planning......Page 1502
17.1.5 Conclusion......Page 1506
17.2.1 Basis for Equipment Differentiation......Page 1507
17.2.2 Equipment Classification System......Page 1510
17.2.3 Equipment Description......Page 1512
17.2.4 Basic Analysis for Excavating and Bulk Handling......Page 1521
17.3.1 Historical Accounts of Mine Plant Layout......Page 1529
17.3.2 Guidelines for Basic Mine Plant Layout......Page 1532
17.3.3 Plant Layout Methodology......Page 1534
17.4.1 Location and Design of Vertical Shafts......Page 1537
17.4.2 Technology of Shaft Sinking......Page 1545
C17_4B......Page 1570
17.4.3 Slopes and Inclined Shafts......Page 1588
17.4.4 Shaft Stations......Page 1591
17.4.5 Horizontal Development Openings......Page 1593
17.5.2 Shaft Hoisting Systems......Page 1603
17.5.3 Hoists......Page 1604
17.5.4 Shaft Conveyances and Accessories......Page 1615
17.5.5 Ropes......Page 1618
17.5.6 Shafts......Page 1628
17.5.7 Headframes......Page 1631
18.0 Introduction......Page 1636
18.1.2 Design of Pillars......Page 1638
18.1.3 Support of Rooms......Page 1643
18.1.4 Methods of Room and Pillar Mining......Page 1645
18.1.5 Production Methods—Noncoal......Page 1649
18.1.6 Production Methods—Coal......Page 1650
18.1.7 Ventilation......Page 1652
18.1.8 Systems Analysis......Page 1656
18.2.1 General Features......Page 1659
18.2.2 Conventional Stope and Pillar......Page 1660
18.2.3 Dipping Ore Bodies......Page 1662
18.2.4 Breast Stoping......Page 1663
18.2.6 Case Study: Buick Mine......Page 1665
18.3.2 Development and Preparation......Page 1669
18.3.3 Stoping Operations......Page 1670
18.3.5 Variations and Applications......Page 1671
18.3.6 Case Study: La Libertad Mine, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, Mexico......Page 1672
18.3.7 Summary......Page 1673
18.4.2 Stope Development......Page 1674
18.4.3 Production Drilling......Page 1677
18.4.4 Production Blasting......Page 1678
18.4.5 Waste Filling......Page 1679
18.4.8 Economics......Page 1680
18.4.10 Case Study: Sublevel Stoping at Kidd Creek Mines......Page 1681
18.4.11 Underhand and Overhand Stoping......Page 1683
18.5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 1689
18.5.5 Case Study: VCR Mining at Homestake Mining Co.......Page 1690
19.0 Introduction......Page 1698
19.1.1 General......Page 1700
19.1.2 History......Page 1701
19.1.3 Reasons for Selecting Cut and Fill Methods......Page 1702
19.1.4 Case Studies......Page 1703
19.1.5 Mining Costs......Page 1704
19.2.1 Overhand Cut and Fill Mining......Page 1706
19.2.2 Undercut and Fill Mining......Page 1709
19.2.3 Elements Common to Overhand and Undercut Methods......Page 1711
19.3.1 Waste Fill......Page 1713
19.3.2 Pneumatic Fill......Page 1715
19.3.3 Hydraulic Fill with Dilute Slurry......Page 1719
19.3.4 High-density Backfill......Page 1726
19.3.5 Unique or Unusual Fill Systems......Page 1734
20.0 Introduction......Page 1736
20.1.2 Panel Layout Design......Page 1737
20.1.3 Selection of Mining Equipment......Page 1739
20.1.4 Roof Control......Page 1742
20.1.5 Longwall Automation and Remote Control......Page 1743
20.1.6 Longwall Face Move......Page 1744
20.2.1 Introduction......Page 1746
20.2.2 Principles of Gravity Flow......Page 1747
20.2.3 Practical Design Guidance......Page 1760
20.2.4 Sublevel Caving in Combination with Other Mining Methods......Page 1768
20.2.5 Surface Effects from Sublevel Caving......Page 1769
20.2.6 Other Considerations......Page 1770
20.3.2 Suitable Ore Bodies......Page 1772
20.3.3 Selecting the Mining System......Page 1773
20.3.4 Development......Page 1774
20.3.5 Principles and Practices......Page 1776
20.3.6 Mine Design......Page 1780
20.3.8 Case Studies......Page 1783
21.0 Introduction......Page 1794
21.1.1 Geotechnical Evaluation......Page 1795
21.1.2 Mineral Occurrence......Page 1796
21.1.4 Safety/Regulatory Factors......Page 1797
21.1.6 Economic Considerations......Page 1798
21.1.7 Labor and Political Considerations......Page 1799
21.2.2 Caving Methods......Page 1800
21.2.3 Open Stoping Methods......Page 1802
21.2.4 Stoping Methods Using Additional Support......Page 1803
21.2.6 Mining Methods—Rock Mechanics and Planning......Page 1805
21.3.1 Importance of Proper Method Selection......Page 1807
21.3.2 Common Pitfalls in Method Selection......Page 1808
21.3.4 Recognition of Problems: Importance of Modifications and Flexibility......Page 1809
21.3.5 Summary......Page 1810
21.4.1 Geotechnical Considerations......Page 1811
21.4.2 Safety/Environmental/Regulatory Considerations......Page 1814
21.4.3 Operations Plan Development......Page 1815
21.4.4 Economic Considerations......Page 1819
21.4.5 Human Resources......Page 1822
22.1.2 Mechanical Rock Cutting Techniques and Their Application to Mechanical Mining Equipment......Page 1824
22.1.3 Basic Methods of Predicting Instantaneous Cutting Rates......Page 1826
22.1.4 Shaft Construction Systems and Equipment......Page 1832
22.1.5 Rapid Excavation Systems for Horizontal and Subhorizontal Mine Development......Page 1839
22.2.1 State of the Art in Outdoor Autonomous Vehicles......Page 1861
22.2.3 Mining Robotics Projects......Page 1863
22.2.4 Summary......Page 1868
22.3.2 Historical Background......Page 1871
22.3.3 Water-jet-assisted Cutting......Page 1874
22.3.4 Fundamentals of Jet-assisted Cutting......Page 1877
22.3.5 Jet-assisted Drag Bits......Page 1878
22.4.1 Borehole Mining Tools......Page 1883
22.4.2 Coal Mining......Page 1885
22.4.3 Uranium Mining......Page 1886
22.4.4 Oil-sand Mining......Page 1887
22.4.5 Phosphate Mining......Page 1888
22.4.7 Present Status......Page 1890
22.5.2 Defining the Methane Problem......Page 1892
22.5.3 Methane Drainage Technology During Mining......Page 1895
22.5.4 Methane Drainage Technology in Advance of Mining or Without Mining......Page 1899
22.5.5 Future Trends......Page 1905
22.6.2 Underground Coal Gasification......Page 1907
22.6.3 In Situ Combustion of Coal......Page 1918
22.7.1 Introduction......Page 1924
22.7.2 Underground Retorting Design Considerations......Page 1925
22.7.3 Underground Retorting Case History......Page 1931
22.8.1 Marine Mining Environment......Page 1938
22.8.2 Technology for Marine Mining......Page 1946
C22_8B......Page 1958
22.8.3 Case Studies in Marine Mining......Page 1962
22.9.2 Ripper Miner......Page 1981
22.9.3 Drill-Split Fragmentation with the Radial-axial Splitter......Page 1984
22.9.4 Thermal Fragmentation and Excavation......Page 1990
22.9.5 Shock Wave Rock Breakers......Page 1993
22.9.6 Lunar and Planetary Mining......Page 1995
22.9.7 Nuclear-assisted Mining......Page 1998
23.0 Introduction......Page 2001
23.0.1 Section Topics......Page 2002
23.1.2 Input Parameters......Page 2003
23.1.3 Summary......Page 2009
23.2.3 Mine Development......Page 2010
23.2.4 Productivity, Time Utilization, and Labor Costs......Page 2011
23.2.7 Energy Consumption......Page 2012
23.2.9 Mining Costs......Page 2013
23.2.11 General Considerations in the Choice Between Surface and Underground Mining......Page 2014
23.2.12 Study of Hypothetical Deposits......Page 2015
23.2.13 Open Pit or Underground Mining of a Horizontal Deposit with Varying Overburden Depth......Page 2016
23.2.14 Optimizing Depth in Converting from Open Pit to Underground......Page 2017
23.3.2 Cost Estimation Methods......Page 2022
23.3.4 Cost Updating Methods......Page 2025
23.3.5 Mining Methods Cost Estimation......Page 2027
23.3.6 Method Selection Considerations......Page 2036
23.3.7 Cost Control......Page 2038
23.4.2 Mining Methods for Consideration......Page 2042
23.4.3 Selection Method Techniques......Page 2044
23.4.4 Stages in the Selection Process......Page 2051
23.4.5 Summary......Page 2057
24.0 Introduction......Page 2059
24.1.2 Geotechnical Investigations......Page 2061
24.1.3 Soft-ground Tunneling......Page 2063
24.1.4 Settlements......Page 2069
24.1.5 Rock Tunneling......Page 2072
24.1.7 Special Considerations......Page 2075
24.1.8 Unique Characteristics of Civil Tunnels......Page 2076
24.2.2 Mined Openings for Storage Purposes......Page 2078
24.2.3 Mined Openings for Power Generation Facilities......Page 2080
24.2.4 Advanced Energy Storage Concepts in Rock Caverns......Page 2084
24.3.1 Introduction......Page 2088
24.3.2 Basic Functions of a Repository......Page 2093
24.4.2 Types of Underground Facilities......Page 2105
24.4.3 Military Use of Underground Facilities......Page 2106
24.4.4 Summary......Page 2110
25.0 Introduction......Page 2112
C25_1......Page 2113
25.1.3 Testing......Page 2114
25.2.2 Storage......Page 2116
25.2.3 Transportation......Page 2122
25.2.4 Environmental Considerations......Page 2133
25.3.1 Crushing......Page 2135
25.3.2 Grinding......Page 2152
C25_3B......Page 2157
25.3.3 Screening......Page 2165
25.3.4 Hydrocycloning......Page 2173
25.3.5 Flotation......Page 2179
25.3.6 Gravity Concentration......Page 2192
25.3.7 Magnetic Separation......Page 2199
25.4.1 Gold Processing......Page 2201
25.4.2 Copper Processing......Page 2204
25.4.4 Molten Salt Electrolysis......Page 2207
25.5.3 Producer Pricing......Page 2210
25.5.4 Exchange Based Pricing......Page 2211
Appendix Contents......Page 2212
Table A. Conversion of English to SI Units......Page 2213
Table B. Strength Properties of Rocks......Page 2220
Table C. Engineering Properties of Rocks......Page 2227
Table D. Properties of Common Minerals......Page 2237
Table E. Material Properties and Characteristics......Page 2244
Table F. Heat Value of Various Fuels......Page 2246
Table G. Geometrical Relationships and Mensuration Formulas......Page 2247
Table H. Standard Sizing and Meshes......Page 2253
Table J. International Atomic Weights......Page 2254
Table K. Time Value of Money Factors
 for Discrete Compounding......Page 2256